Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Whitehall Study
|
survey of British Civil Service Employees
all have the same access to same health care found that conditional probability of deaths were lowest for those who had the least stressful (administrative) jobs, highest for those who had the highest stress job(clerical) found that diastolic blood pressure was much higher for low grade workers, even at home, although comparable at work |
|
|
Alameda County asthma study
|
AA children in the county have the highest asthma hospitalization rates in the state
correlated to high traffic areas those well below FPL mostly live in medium to high traffic areas Latinos and Blacks less likely to live in low traffic area, more likely to live in medium traffic |
|
|
Lemelin study
|
Lemelin study of artery thickness in men and women
measured: childhood SEP, adult SEP and average neighborhood SEP measured thickness of the lining of the carotid artery via ultrasound results: in men: childhood SEP and adult SEP counted in women: childhood SEP adult SEP neighborhood SEP mattered |
|
|
Thurston study
|
Race/SES and intimal thickness
examined students age 14-16 recorded their race and SES asked them to self report their position in the social hierarchy 3 yrs later they measured thickness of the lining of the carotid artery results: AA subjects had higher intima thickness than whites lower SES also had higher intima thickness AA subjects were generally of a lower SES than white subjects |
|
|
Brunners Model of Heart Disease
|
Brunners Model of Heart Disease (explains differences in health status by social class)
illness caused by unhealthy behaviors tissue damage due directly to chronic stress key risk variable: control over work environment increased fibrogen lebvels associated with low grade workers |
|
|
Stringhini study
|
Stringhini study of SEP with Health Behaviors/Mortality
evaluated health behaviors of Whitehall participants then looked at association between occ status and all cause mortality controlling and not controlling for these factors risk reduced significant when controlling for health behaviors |
|
|
Pensola study
|
if born and stayed in high SES, then lowest mortality
if born into low SES and stayed in low SES then highest mortality if born into high SES and moved into low SES, mortality only slightly higher than those of high SES if born into low SES and moved into high SES, mortality similar to those of low SES conclusion: childhood SES is a major factor in health outcomes |
|
|
Roux study
|
Roux study of neighborhood and heart disease
residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods had a higher risk of disease than residents of advantaged neighborhoods men: neighborhood has greater effect than own income |
|
|
Cohen Cold Study
|
association between strength of social networks and illness
injected men and women with the cold strength of social networks outside the lab affected the chances of getting a cold inside the lab those with stronger social networks got less sick |
|
|
Kawachi study
|
-residents in poor neighborhoods are less likely to report regular social support
-increasing social capital can increase health -bowling alone hypothesis: those without social capital, can result adverse health affects -can work the other way in low income neighborhoods (seeking social capital from gangs, etc) |
|
|
Lee and Koenig
|
human beings from throughout the world share a similar genome
human beings share 99 percent of their DNA biologically different races do not exist the differences in genetic material do not translate to social group difference |
|
|
Rosenberg article
|
Rosenberg article
although little variation, determined that the number of genetically distinct groups varried from 2-6 with analysis of only microsattelites identified six main genetic clusters four of the clusters correspond to major geographic regions that associated with races using SNPs there are 7 genetically different groups difference explained by higher mutation rates in microsattelites the findings of Rosenberg were only valid in areas of low migration and low intermarriage little admixture therefore little validity in the US |
|
|
Goodman article
|
human variation is continuous
variation is nonconcordant within group variation is much greater than variation between races there is no consistent way to classify race no clarity as to what race is/is not |
|
|
Perez Stable study
|
Perez Stable study Nicotine Metabolism and Intake in Black and White Smokers
both groups smoked similar numbers of cigarettes but blacks had a higher baseline cotine level than whiters blacks smoke more menthols than whites enables them to enhale more deeply menthol has a cooling effect for lungs differntial marketing to blacks 78 percent of blacks smoke menthols, only 5 percent whites |
|
|
Lieberman study
|
Lieberman et. al study on Colon Polyps
flawed bc didnt control for SES black men and women have a higher incidnce and mortality from colon cancer blacks develop it at a younger age risk factors for colon cancer are influenced by race and SES low fruit and veggies lack of physical activity alcohol consumption tobacco use |
|
|
Exner
|
Exner study on ACE inhibitors and differential results
ace inhibitor enalpril is associated with significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization for whites only. no significant improvement for blacks |
|
|
Sloan Study Longevity
|
followed two populations
black and white civil war vets black and white US residents alive in 92 controlled for age, occupation and education although there was a decrease in mortality overall, the black white disparity still existed |
|
|
Williams study of MDD
|
Williams study Depressive Disorder
found that dd was highest for whites, then caribbean blacks and then AAs fewer than half of AA who met the criteria received therapy |
|
|
Acevedo Garcia study
|
Acevedo Garcia LBW and Race/Ethnic Status
foreign born status has a protective effect against LBQ black and hispanic women adverse effect in Asians no effect on whites |
|
|
Lozano study
|
ashtma in AA children more ER visits, fewer office visits with a physician for primary care
|
|
|
Rosenstreich study
|
Rosenstreich Cockroach Allergy
neighbor hood 30 percent or more lived below the poverty level all children had asthma children who had allergies to cockroaches and lived in high cockroach pops had more hospitalization children with cockroaches in their bedroom are sicker than those without black children more likely to live in res segregated areas |
|
|
GENERAL NOTE: SES is controlled for in VA studies since all have access to same care, also in medicare studies
|
GENERAL NOTE: SES is controlled for in VA studies since all have access to same care, also in medicare studies
|
|
|
Krieger and Sidney study
|
Krieger and Sidney
examioned assoociation between blood pressure and self reported experiences of racial discrimination found that blacks had higher pressure than whites 80% of blacks report having experienced racial discrimination |
|
|
Cykert study
|
Cykert study
why dont many patients get surgery, especially AA a total of 437 patients with biopsy proven or probably early stage lung cancer assessed their sentiments toward doctors, cancer,etc outcome measure: surgery within in four months four characteristics of less likely to get surgery perceptions of worse communication iwth physician less patient certainty in the accuracy of the diagnosis a lack of a regualar source of care pre-existing illnesses that make surgery more risky after controlling for theses factos, there was not a higher refusal rate by race physician's role: implicit bias |
|
|
Margolis study
|
patients frequently voice concern that air exposure during lung cancer surger might cause the turmor to spread
several AA patients asserted that this beleif was common in the AA community objective: to asses the prevalence of this belief 38% of individuals beleived that air exposure causes turmor spread however blacks believed this more than whites |
|
|
Peterson VA study
|
he VA study
examined the records of all vets that showed up in emergency room of VA hospital because of heart attack asked whter the race of the patient was associated with wheter the patient was given a certain treatment back patients less likely to receive cardiac catheterization less likely to receive CABG, angioplasty less likely to receive any revacularization for those who survived, quality of life because of the surgery was sig better for whites weer these differences only because of the quality of VA health care follow up study was the Dike Univerversity study calculated the same rates- rates of CABG, Angioplasty, etc black patients were less like to get angioplasty and CABG |
|
|
Meta analysis on Racial/ethnic differences in cardiac care-Kaiser family
|
results:
-AA less likely than whites to receive diagnostic treatment/revascularization -these differences remained even after controlling for SES |
|
|
Knox Todd studies
|
-both examined the likelihood of minorities to receive pain medication for bone fractures
|
|
|
Skinner study
|
Total knee replacement
-calculated rate of surgery for medicare beneficiaries -rate of surgery varies along age, race, sex and geographic lines |
|
|
Meta analysis on Racial/ethnic differences in cardiac care-Kaiser family
|
results:
-AA less likely than whites to receive diagnostic treatment/revascularization -these differences remained even after controlling for SES |
|
|
Knox Todd studies
|
-both examined the likelihood of minorities to receive pain medication for bone fractures
|
|
|
Skinner study
|
Total knee replacement
-calculated rate of surgery for medicare beneficiaries -rate of surgery varies along age, race, sex and geographic lines |
|
|
Schulman study
|
-used actors who read a script
-saw the rates that physicians recommended cardiac catheterization -found both gender and racial bias -know followup study |
|
|
van Ryn study
|
-patient perception study
-controlled for SES -asked physician what their perception of the patient was (high SES black/ low SES black/high SES white/low SES white) -showed a clear racial bias |
|
|
four types of racial bias
|
-conscious
-institutionalized -statistical (Lane study) -unconcious (Sabin study) |
|
|
Lane study
|
child abuse
*less important to know -doctors filed child abuse reports more frequently for non white patients than for white patients when a child comes in with an injury -suggests lower threshold of suspicion for minority children -examined Medicaid v private insurance--took SES into account and racial differences persisted |
|
|
Sabin study
|
Physician bias based on physcians background
*less important to know -implicit association test -medical doctors showed an implicit positive association for white faces than black faces -however, black MDs did not show pos association for either |
|
|
Chen study
|
Racial Differences in Cardiac catheterization
-both black and white doctors--black patients had lower rates of cardiac catheterization -suggests patient apprehension or white patients may be overusing -study controlled for SES factors |
