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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What led to the decline of the Catholic Church around 1000?
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- Domination of the church by secular lords and moral corruption |
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What is “lay investiture”?
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- Secular rulers appoint people to religious positions |
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Why did secular rulers feel the need to control who occupied religious posts?
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- Otherwise they would lose control over their empire |
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What is “simony”?
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- The acquisition of religious positions for money or other favors |
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What is “clerical concubinage”?
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- Clergy have sexual relationships in violation of their celibacy vows |
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What was Cluny? What was the focus of the Cluniac reform?
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- A monastery founded in 910 in Eastern France by Count William of Acquitaine, was a focus of the reforms - Spiritual practice |
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What abuses did the 11th-century papal reformers before Gregory VII focus on?
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- Way of election by the pope and other religious figures |
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What broad church-state issue lay at the heart of the clash between Gregory VII and Henry IV?
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- Lay investiture |
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What is “excommunication”?
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- A person is barred by the Church from receiving the sacraments |
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What happened at Canossa?
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- Henry IV went there to beg forgiveness from Gregory VII |
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What was the Concordat of Worms?
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- Agreement in 1122 finally ended the Investiture Struggle |
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Besides the numbered Crusades, what other holy wars did Christians fight?
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- East Roman wars against the Persians and Muslims - Charlemagne’s wars against pagan Saxons and Muslim Spain - The Teutonic Knight’s Crusades in the Baltic - Crusades against heretics like the Albigensians - The Spanish Reconquista |
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What were the underlying and immediate causes of the First Crusade? What was its outcome?
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- Underlying: Religious enthusiasm and Land hunger - Immediate: an East Roman appeal for Aid |
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What role did King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England play in the Crusades?
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- Led the Third Crusade |
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What cities were conquered by the Fourth Crusade? What empire did it destroy?
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- City of Zara and Constantinople |
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Who first argued that logic can be used to resolve apparent contradictions in Scripture?
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- Peter Abelard |
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The rediscovery of what Greek thinker’s works led to a revolution in philosophy?
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- Aristotle |
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What principles did Robert Grosseteste teach that laid the foundations for modern thought?
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- The necessity of first-hand observation of what you’re studying - Mathematics is the correct language for describing nature - The fallibility of hypotheses |
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Why is scholasticism called “Scholasticism”?
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- Associated with the Universities that were emerging at that time |
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What is Ockham’s Razor?
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- A principle that says that the simplest testable hypothesis is the one that’s probably true |
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What was the argument of the Realists? What Greek philosopher made a similar argument?
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- Universals are real, more real than individual things - Plato |
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What was the argument of the Nominalists? What Greek philosopher made a similar argument?
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- Only individual things are real, universals exist only in our minds - Aristotle |
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Who authored the Summa Theologiae? Why is Thomas Aquinas important? What did he write?What were his teachings?
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- Thomas Aquinas - The greatest philosopher of the Middle Ages - Argued that the truths of reason and the truths of faith coexist, and can never conflict - Summa Theologiae |
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Who argued that the truths of reason and the truths of faith coexist, and can never conflict?
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- Thomas Aquinas |
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Where were schools located in the Carolingian educational system?
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- Grammar, Rhetoric, Theology |
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What did universitas mean in medieval law? What rights did it bring?
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- Legal corporation |
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What were the four earliest universities?
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- University of Bologna
- University of Paris - Oxford University - Cambridge University |
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What were the entrance requirements at medieval universities?
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- Ability to read and write in Latin
- Passing an entrance exam - Varied widely in rigor |
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What methods of instruction were used in medieval universities?
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- Lecture of the instructor reading the textbook aloud |
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What degrees were offered at medieval universities?
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- Bachelor’s, Master’s, Doctoral |
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What subjects comprised the trivium and quadrivium?
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- Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic - Quad:Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Astronomy |
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How much did Europe’s population grow between 1000 and 1300? Why did it grow?
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- Dramatic increase in agricultural production capable of sustaining a larger population - Increased security stemming from more settled and peaceful conditions after the invasions of the Early Middle Ages had stopped |
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What technological changes furthered the expansion of farming in the High Middle Ages?How did they contribute to it?
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- Iron was used to make a multitude of new tools - Plow was used to make it easier to cultivate the soil |
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For what purposes did medieval people use watermills?
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- Grind grain and produce flour - Used in cloth factories - Used in metalworking factories |
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Where did windmills originate?
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- Persia |
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What were the fields used for in the three-field system? What crops were planted?
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- Field 1: planted in the fall with rye and wheat - Field 2: planted with spring-sown grains and legumes - Field 3: allowed to lie fallow |
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How did higher food prices affect relations between lords and serfs?
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- Lords began tried to grow more food for more profit - Rented their land to their serfs - Serfs were converted into free peasants - Although many still remained economically dependent on their lords |
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What foods made up the peasant diet? How heavily did people drink?
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- Bread, bacon, cheese, wild game and fish, fruits, and eggs - SO HEAVILY |
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What three basic groups made up medieval society?
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- Men of Prayer - Men of War - Men of Work |
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How were lords and knights different from one another? How did that change?
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- Many knights possessed less than peasants
- Warfare became the distinguishing characteristic of noblemen |
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What steps did the Church take to reduce the violence that knights inflicted on society? Whatdid those steps involve?
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- Instituted the “Peace of God” - The church encouraged knights to take an oath to respect churches and pilgrimage centers to refrain from attacking noncombatants, such as clergy, poor people, merchants, and women |
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What were the main parts of a medieval castle?
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- Permanent residences for the noble family, its retainers, and servants - Defensible fortifications - Surrounded by open areas and large stone walls - Keep at the center of the castle |
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What roles did aristocratic women perform? Who were the “ladies-in-waiting”?
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- Manage the estate, supervise financial accounts, responsible for overseeing the food supply and other supplies - L-i-W: unmarried young girls trained to sew & weave, and instructed in all the skills needed for running the estate |
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Under the code of chivalry, what were knights supposed to fight for?
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- Only glory |
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What alternative to socially destructive fighting began to appear in the 12th century?
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- Tournaments |
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What were the differences between melees and jousts?
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- Melees: warriors on horseback fought with blunt weapons in a free-for-all - Jousts: individual combat between 2 knights |
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What cities took the lead in the revival of European trade in the early Middle Ages?
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- Venice, Genoa, Constantinople, Pisa |
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What region was famous for its trade fairs?
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- Northern France |
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What led to the revival of cities?
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- The revival of trade |
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Who typically founded new cities and towns in the Middle Ages? Where did they do it andwhy?
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- Merchants - Settled in old Roman cities - They still existed but had dwindled in size and population |
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What is the meaning of borough/burgh/burg? Who were the bourgeoisie?
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- A fortress or walled enclosure - The merchants and artisans of these boroughs and burghs |
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What were communes? How and why did they come into existence?
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- An association of townspeople who swore an oath to obtain basic liberties - First appeared in Italy, city residents rebelled against the rule of the bishop, swore communal associations with the bishops’ noble vassals, and overthrew the authority of the bishops by force |
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What were the typical institutions of medieval town government? How were they chosen?
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- Citizens elected members of a city council that bore primary responsibility for running the affairs of the city - City councilors (consuls) enacted legislation and served as judges and city magistrates - Electoral process ensured that only members of the wealthiest and most powerful families (patricians) were elected - Executive officer added in the 12th and 13th centuries called a mayor |
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In what ways did medieval governments regulate town life?
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- To ensure welfare and safety for the community - Regulated air and water pollution - Provide water barrels and delegate responsibilities to people on every section of the town to fight fires - Construct warehouses to stockpile grain in the event of food emergencies - Establish and supervise the standards of weights and measures used in the various local trades and industries |
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What did craft guilds do?
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- Directed almost every aspect of the production process - Set standards, specified methods of production, fixed the price - Determined the number of individuals who could enter a specific trade and the procedure they must follow to do so |
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What distinguished apprentices, journeymen, and masters from one another?
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- Apprentices: not paid but received room and board from their masters(After five to seven years of service) - Journeymen: worked for wages for other masters, aspired to be masters(After producing a “masterpiece” - Masters: produced a masterpiece worthy enough to be part of the guild |
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What was the original meaning of “masterpiece”?
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- A finished piece in his craft that allowed the master craftsmen to judge whether the journeymen was qualified to become a master and join the guild |
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What were the social origins of medieval college students? How did medieval studentsresemble students today?
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- Students at medieval universities stemmed predominantly from the middle groups of medieval society, the families of lesser knights, merchants, and artisan - All were male and started between the ages 14-18 |
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What is meant by the “vernacular”? |
- The local language, such as Spanish, French, English, or German |
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What were the themes courtly romance?
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- Courtly love, the love of a knight for a lady, generally a married noble lady, who inspires him to become a braver knight and a better poet |
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What were the characteristics of Gothic architecture?
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- Pointed arches - Heavy arched pier of stone built onto the outside of the walls - Thin walls, magnificent stained-glass windows |
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Who was William of Normandy? Why is he important?
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- Crowned King of England on Christmas - Won the Battle of Hastings |
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What is the exchequer?
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- The bank account into which tax receipts and other public monies are paid - The funds of the British government |
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What is the meaning of “common law”? Who began its creation?
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- Law that was common to the whole kingdom - King Henry II |
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What is Magna Carta? What did it do?
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- “Great charter” of feudal liberties - Aimed at limiting government practices that affected the relations between the king and his vassals and between the king and the church |
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What were the origins of the English Parliament?
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- Parliament was originally applied to meetings of the king’s Great Counsel in which the greater barons and chief prelates of the church met with the king’s judges and principal advisers to deal with judicial affairs - Edward I (who needed money) invited 2 knights and 2 residences from each city and town to meet with the Great Council to consent to new taxes |
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What Houses comprises the English Parliament?
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- The House of Lords - Including the barons and church lords - The House of Commons - Including the knights and burgesses (residents) |
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Who was El Cid? What did he do?
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- The most famous military adventurer of the time - Carved out his own kingdom of Valencia in 1094, but failed to create a dynasty |
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Who founded the Holy Roman Empire?
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- Frederick I |
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Who were the Teutonic Knights? Where were they active?
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- The Teutonic Knights had been founded near the end of the 12th century to protect the Christian Holy Land - They invaded eastern Europe from the west East of Germany, where they attacked the pagan Slavs - Prussia |
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Who united the clans of Mongolia and made them a mighty empire? What areas did theyconquer? What city was originally known as the City of the Khan?
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- Temuchin - Gained the title of Genghis Kahn by unifying the clans (means “Universal ruler”) - China, Korea, Persia, Baghdad, Russia, Poland, Hungary (empire stretched from Russia to China and included parts of India and South Asia) - Khanbaliq, China (modern Beijing) |
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Who was the first Grand Prince of Moscow, and founder of Russia?
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- Alexander Nevsky |
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Who comprised the papal curia? What positions are below the curia?
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- The curia was staffed by high churches known as cardinals who served as major advisers and administrators to the popes - The college of cardinals elected a new pope upon the pope’s death |
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What type of music is Gregorian chant?
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- Monophonic - A single line of unaccompanied vocal music - Set to Latin texts and chanted by a group of monks/nuns during church services |
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Why did Francis of Assisi and the Franciscans strike such a responsive chord?
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- The Franciscans struck a responsive chord among many Europeans and became very popular - They lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the poor - Their calls for a return to the simplicity and poverty of the early church were especially effective |
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What are sacraments? How many are there?
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- The sacraments of the Catholic Church ensured that the church was an integral part of people’s lives, from birth to death
- 7 Sacraments |
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What were the 7 sacraments? |
- Baptism - Eucharist - Penance - Marriage - Extreme - Unction - Holy Orders - Confirmation |
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What role was played by the saints and the Virgin Mary in medieval popular religion?
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- The saints’ ability to protect poor souls enabled them to take on great importance at the popular level - Saints were believed to have achieved a special position in heaven, enabling them to act as intercessors before God |
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How were relics used in medieval popular religion?
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- Because the holiness if the saint was considered to be inherit in his relics, these objects were believed to be capable of healing people or producing other miracles |
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What are indulgences? What is purgatory?
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- Attached to relics, indulgences brought a remission (cancellation) of time spent in purgatory - Believed to be a place of punishment in which the soul of the departed could be purified before ascending to heaven |
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What is another name for the Holy Office? What techniques did it use?
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- It was a formal court whose job it was to ferret out and try heretics - Anyone could be accused of heresy (identity of the accuser was not revealed to the indicated heretic) - If the accused heretic confessed, they were forced to perform public penance and subjected to punishment (flogging) and their property was confiscated and divided between secular authorities and the church - If they went back to heresy again, they were executedThose who didn’t confess were subject to torture |
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What led to the outburst of persecution of medieval Jews? What were “ghettos”?
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- The religious enthusiasm of the High Middle Ages produced an outburst of intolerance against the supposed enemies of Christianity |
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What effects did the Crusades have, on the Middle East and on Europe itself?
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- The crusades made little long-term impact on the Middle East, where the only visible remnants of their conquests were their castles |
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What does chapter 2 say about Adam?
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- God told Adam the name of all the things. He then asked Adam to recite them in front of the angels. - Then he told them to prostrate themselves to Adam (basically lie on the ground and bend to his will). - Everyone but Satan did, who in his pride refused and became a non-believer |
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What does chapter 2 say about Satan? |
- Adam was told to dwell with his wife in paradise and to never approach this tree or you shall both be breaking the law. - But Satan lured them and brought about their banishment. |
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What does chapter 2 say about Jews and Christians (also referred to as the “People of the Book”?
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- All believers of God and the Last Day shall be rewarded and so they have nothing to fear or to regret |
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What does chapter 2 say that Abraham and Ishmael built?
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- The House (Ka’bah at Mecca) |
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What does chapter 3 say about the source of the Book with the Truth (i.e., the Koran), and the Torah and the Gospel?
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- God has revealed the Book with the Truth, confirming the scriptures which precede it, for he has already revealed the Torah and the Gospel for the guidance of mankind and the distinction between right and wrong |
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What does chapter 3 say about Mary and the Virgin Birth? |
- Mary’s mother, Imran delivered her instead of a boy and told God to protect Mary and her descendants from Satan, the accursed one. - God chose Mary to bear Jesus, the Messiah. |
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What does chapter 3 say about Jesus?
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- Jesus is like Adam in the sign of God. He created him and then said “Be” and he was. |
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What criticisms does chapter 3 level at Jews and Christians (“The People of the Book”)? |
- It says why do you deny revelations of God? God bears witness to all your actions. - Why do you debar believers from the path of God and seek to make it crooked when you have witnessed all? God is never heedless to what you do. |
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What does chapter 4 say about Jesus’ death?
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- They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but they thought they did |
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What does chapter 4 say about the Christian belief that God is a Trinity (three in one)? |
- Jesus was no more than God’s apostle.
- There is only one God, not three |
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What does chapter 5 say about Jews and Christians (“People of the Book”)?
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- Do not transgress the bounds of truth in your religion - God has come to warn you and give you good new - You have no reason to hate us than the fact that we believe in God and what has been revealed to us and the people before us. Most of you are evil doers. - You will attain nothing until you observe the Torah and the Gospel and that which has been revealed to you from the Lord. |
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What does chapter 5 say about the Torah and the Gospel?
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- You will attain nothing until you observe the Torah and the Gospel and that which has been revealed to you from the Lord. |
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What does chapter 5 call those who say that Jesus is God?
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- Evil doers |
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What does chapter 7 say about the fall of Satan, and the events in Eden?
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- Satan did not bow down to Adam, God asked why and Satan said because you made me out of fire and made him out of clay. - Later Satan tempted Adam and Eve to look at each other’s ‘parts’ and God was furious. |
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What does chapter 7 say about Moses and Pharaoh?
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- Moses went to the Pharaoh and said that he had a sign from the Lord, and he turned his staff into a serpent. - Pharaoh thought he was trying to show him up so he found magicians around to duel Moses. - Moses won and the people said they believed in the Lord. |
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What does chapter 7 say about the Ten Commandments?
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- The Lord gave them to Moses after revealing himself in the mountains. |
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According to chapter 19, what sign was given to Zacharias before the conception of John the Baptist?
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- “For 3 days and nights you shall be bereft of speech, though otherwise sound in body.” |
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According to chapter 19, how did mart conceive Jesus? Where did she give birth to him?
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- A spirit came and talked to Mary who gave Mary a baby without being touched by a man. - Underneath a palm tree, by the trunk |
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What does chapter 19 say regarding Jesus’ relationship with God?
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- Jesus is not God’s son; he is only the servant to God and is to preach what God says. |
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What does chapter 20 say about Moses?
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- God chose Moses and allowed his brother Aaron to be by his side to go teach people. - Moses went on to teach people and guide them the correct way. |
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What does chapter 20 say about Satan, Adam, and the Tree?
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- The Lord told Adam not to trust Satan, but Satan tempted him anyways. - Satan got Adam to eat from the fruit of his tree and be able to see Eve’s and his parts. - Lord has mercy on Adam and rightly guided him |
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What does chapter 56 say about conditions in Paradise and in Hell?
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- Paradise: Reclined on jeweled couches, face to face, and there shall wait on them immortal youths with bowls and the purest of wine. - Hell: Dwell amidst scorching winds and seething water, in the shade of pitch black smoke, neither cool nor refreshing |
