Humanities (Non-Fiction #2)

Front 1

A member of the British Parliament, ______________ sympathized with the Americans during the Revolutionary War.

Back 1

Edmund Burke. Though he supported the Revolutionary War (at least, as much as it was possible for a member of British Parliament to do so), he was firmly against the French Revolution. Thomas Paine, who fought in the French Revolution, wrote The Rights of Man in response to Burke’s criticisms.

Front 2

_____________ [allegedly] assassinated John F. Kennedy.

Back 2

Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald allegedly shot Kennedy in Dallas, TX on November 22, 1963. Two days after the shooting, nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot Oswald in retaliation.

Front 3

____________ led the 200-mile Salt March.

Back 3

Mahatma Gandhi. The Salt March was in protest to high government taxes, and Gandhi led followers to the Gujarat seacoast to make their salt illegally. Recognized for his strict adherence to non-violent protest, Gandhi participated in many hunger strikes and was widely recognized as a thin older man wearing nothing but a loincloth.

Front 4

The ___________-______ is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna.

Back 4

Bhagavad-Gita. Written in Sanskrit, the Bhagavad-Gita serves as a foundation for the Hindu religion. In the end, Lord Krishna reveals himself as the reincarnation of Vishnu (Lord of the Universe).

Front 5

____________ coined the terms proletariat and bourgeois.

Back 5

Karl Marx. A German philosopher, he was a chief designer of modern socialist and communist practices. He wrote Das Kapital, an expose of Marxism and a foundation for socialism around the world. Proletariat refers to the exploited working class, while bourgeois is the wealthy, exploitative upper class.

Front 6

The autobiography of St. Augustine is entitled ____________.

Back 6

Confessions. First renouncing Christianity and acting out as a youth, Augustine eventually came to find the church and wrote this deeply honest account of a convert’s journey to religion. Augustine also wrote City of God, a defense of Christianity against pagan animosity, and On the Trinity.

Front 7

Renowned French essayist ________________ published three collections of essays, and wrote such pieces as On Friendship.

Back 7

Michel Montaigne. Allowed only to speak Latin for the first seven years of his life, his oftentimes lively, humorous essays covered a broad range of topics.

Front 8

______________ wrote Twelve Caesars, a biography of the lives of the Caesars.

Back 8

Suetonius. Born in 69 A.D., Suetonius served as the private secretary of Emperor Hadrian. He compiled much biographical information over his life, and fragments of his biographical work De viris illustribus have been discovered.

Front 9

The ______________ War, a battle between Athens and Sparta, effectively destroyed Athens.

Back 9

Peloponnesian. Tensions had simmered for some time between the two nations, as Athens frequently aided other nations in foreign policy affairs, while Spartans demanded that they act as an oligarchy. Though the Athenians were at first winning the battle, a plague wiped out over a quarter of their population, including the leader Pericles.

Front 10

Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I have a Dream" speech at the _________ __________ in 1963.

Back 10

Lincoln Memorial. A key figure in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, King led boycotts of segregated buses, sit-ins, and other non-violent protests, while inspiring a nation with his speeches. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray.

Front 11

“That government is best which governs least” is a quote from Henry David Thoreau’s essay, _________ _____________

Back 11

Civil Disobedience. Thoreau encourages people to follow their own conscience, not necessarily the one prescribed to them by the government, but if in doing so they go against the law, they must be prepared to handle the consequences. Thoreau spent time in jail for refusing to pay taxes to support the Mexican War.

Front 12

_____________ began his career in publishing with the San Francisco Examiner, and his publishing house grew to 18 newspapers and 9 magazines during his lifetime.

Back 12

William Randolph Hearst. Hearst bought the New York paper Morning Journal in 1895 and immediately engaged in a fierce battle with competitors, luring their best reporters away with higher salaries and selling his (larger) paper for a mere penny per edition. Orson Well’s Citizen Kane is said to be based on Hearst’s life.

Front 13

Banished from Massachusetts for her religious beliefs, ____________ helped to found Rhode Island.

Back 13

Anne Hutchinson. She believed that one could reach heaven through faith alone, and that denying one pleasures during life or engaging in elaborate religious rituals were futile and unnecessary. Anne and her entire family (sans one child) were eventually slaughtered by Indians.

Front 14

__________ _____ was the first English child born in America.

Back 14

Virginia Dare. She and her family settled at Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Island, the inhabitants of which all mysteriously disappeared.

Front 15

____________ wrote Etiquette, still the most-consulted source on proper manners and procedures.

Back 15

Emily Post. Her descendents, most recently Peggy Post, have continued to update her initial work to keep up with the changing times.

Front 16

_____________ appointed Thomas Jefferson his Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury.

Back 16

George Washington. The first president of the United States and a decorated war hero, he declined initial ideas to make him King of America, fearing a monarchy in the newly established country would turn out no better than England. Jay’s Treaty and the Whiskey Rebellion caused him considerably controversy by his second term, and he was accused of being an aristocratic enemy of democracy.

Front 17

______________ sailed three ships across the Atlantic in 1492.

Back 17

Christopher Columbus. Largely credited with discovering America, he led the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria in search of a new trade route to the East from Spain. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas, and claimed the new land for Spain.

Front 18

America derived its name from ____________.

Back 18

Amerigo Vespucci. An Italian navigator, he sailed to South America a short time after Columbus and developed an advanced system for determining longitude. As a result of Vespucci’s work, maps of the entire planet changed radically.

Front 19

Founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc., ____________ was assassinated in February 1965.

Back 19

Malcolm X. Originally a member of the somewhat militant Black Muslims, a falling out with leader Elijah Muhammed led him to found Muslim Mosque, Inc. as an alternative. Though Malcolm decided, after a trip to Mecca, that blacks and whites could indeed live harmoniously, he was killed before he was able to put his new ideas into action.

Front 20

Feminist ____________ founded Ms. magazine.

Back 20

Gloria Steinem. One of the most recognizable faces (and voices) in feminism, she helped lead the women’s rights movement, founding the National Women’s Political Caucus, the Women’s Action Alliance, and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Her books include Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions and Revelation from Within.

Front 21

Jacqueline Kennedy eventually went on to marry ____________ after her husband John’s death.

Back 21

Aristotle Onassis. One of the richest men in the world, Onassis controlled a major shipping company, the Monte Carlo casino, and Olympic Airways, among many other holdings.

Front 22

_____________‘s belief that the sun was at the center of the universe led to his death during the Inquisition.

Back 22

Galileo Galilei. The first to ever use a telescope to study the stars, his outspoken support for the theory (first developed by Copernicus) that the sun, not the earth, lay at the center of the universe resulted in his imprisonment in 1633.

Front 23

_____________ perfected the assembly line.

Back 23

Henry Ford. A practical man by all accounts, Ford’s mass production techniques aided him in making the Model T available for most every American. Ford cars continue to sell in great quantities.

Front 24

___________ developed the Oedipus complex theory, and attributed most psychological problems (particularly sexual ones) to childhood occurrences.

Back 24

Sigmund Freud. Freud was very interested in analyzing dreams, and believed they were the window to the soul. His Oedipus complex, based on Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, refers to young children who desire a parent (usually young boys and their mothers) sexually.

Front 25

According to Freud, the ___________ balances one’s instinctive desires and practicality.

Back 25

Superego. One’s instinctive, aggressive desires are known as the id, and the need to conform to societal standards is kept in check by the ego. These two concepts frequently battle one another to cause (or prevent) certain actions, and the superego helps to balance both desires. Freud believed that an improperly developed superego from childhood was the root of most adult problems.

Front 26

The work of ___________ led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear fission.

Back 26

Albert Einstein. At first, after hearing that Germany had already constructed an atomic bomb, Einstein urged President Roosevelt to develop atomic weapons for the United States. However, his opinion changed soon after the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and he spent much of his later life educating the world on the dangers of nuclear weapons, wracked with guilt over what he had helped to create.