Humanities Ii Final Exam

Front 1

Thomas Jefferson

Back 1

Reason gives world freedom.

Hint 1

Enlightenment

Front 2

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Back 2

Reason gives world peace.

Hint 2

Enlightenment

Front 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Back 3

Reason gives world social harmony.

Hint 3

Enlightenment

Front 4

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Back 4

Reason gives world moderate government reform.

Hint 4

Enlightenment

Front 5

John Locke (1632-1704)

Back 5

"Reasonableness of Christianity"

Hint 5

Enlightenment

Front 6

Reason

Back 6

Protestants and Catholics have this in common.

Hint 6

Enlightenment

Front 7

Philosophical/Religious view of soul.

Back 7

Everything has a soul, that is what makes it what it is.

Hint 7

Enlightenment

Front 8

Scientific view of soul.

Back 8

Physical nature consists of matter.

Hint 8

Enlightenment

Front 9

Western Epistemic of understanding before the enlightenment

Back 9

Faith & Reason

Hint 9

Enlightenment

Front 10

Western Epistemic of understanding during the enlightenment

Back 10

Reason over faith because faith causes war.

Hint 10

Enlightenment

Front 11

Reason for reason over faith

Back 11

Religion too emotionally charged. Leaders twist faith to rule. Rape of women. Destruction of crops.

Hint 11

Enlightenment

Front 12

Scientific Revolution

Back 12

17th and early 18th Century
Physical nature is the only proper object of inquiry.
"Impersonal reason". Laws should be explained mathematically. Nature can be mastered through observation. Once mastered, can serve human desires.

Hint 12

Enlightenment

Front 13

Issac Newton

Back 13

Reduction of physical nature to math.

Hint 13

Enlightenment

Front 14

Connection between scientific revolution and Enlightenment

Back 14

claim that scientific methodology and inductive reasoning could explain everything, including human interaction.

Hint 14

Enlightenment

Front 15

Adam Smith

Back 15

Economic relationships may seem disordered, but they're not.

Hint 15

Enlightenment

Front 16

Science

Back 16

Discovers order and chaos. Attempts to show all hidden mysteries of the world. Ability to explain everything and solve problems.

Hint 16

Enlightenment

Front 17

Result of cosmos scientific finding

Back 17

all other methods of deriving truth are irrelevant and irrational; including magic, occult, mysticism, and religion.

Hint 17

Enlightenment

Front 18

First Implication of Enlightenment

Back 18

Two primary targets -women and Catholics. Women are overly emotional, Catholics have vicious clergy who bend minds of young.

Hint 18

Enlightenment

Front 19

Second Implication of Enlightenment

Back 19

Everything is determined by material properties.

Hint 19

Enlightenment

Front 20

Third Implication of Enlightenment

Back 20

The mind is determined by its material properties.

Hint 20

Enlightenment

Front 21

Tabula Rasa

Back 21

"clean slate" priviledges education, especially for the young because you can make a person be what you want by controlling the information they receive.

Hint 21

Enlightenment

Front 22

Enlightenment education

Back 22

Education should take place within a framework of personal freedom.

Hint 22

Enlightenment

Front 23

Object of rational individual

Back 23

examine critically facts of existence and determine laws embedded there-in, so that the human condition, the world itself, could be transformed. adjust on the basis of good science, so the world will become closer to ideal.

Hint 23

Enlightenment

Front 24

Voltaire (1694-1778)

Back 24

French. Religious toleration, freedom of press, freedom from discourse of religious authorities.

Hint 24

Enlightenment

Front 25

John Locke (1632-1704)

Back 25

Constitutionalism will protect individual rights.

Hint 25

Enlightenment

Front 26

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Back 26

Checks and balances to protect from institutionalized corruption

Hint 26

Enlightenment

Front 27

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Back 27

French radical, gov't needs to be responsible to general will, listen to people.

Hint 27

Enlightenment

Front 28

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Back 28

Free markets

Hint 28

Enlightenment

Front 29

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

Back 29

Women should share the rights of men, including education and political freedom

Hint 29

Enlightenment

Front 30

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Back 30

Prussian pedagog, analyzed the golden rule, contributed to moral law

Hint 30

Enlightenment

Front 31

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Back 31

Italian, stop extreme punishment of criminals

Hint 31

Enlightenment

Front 32

First Problem with Enlightenment

Back 32

The alteration of nature could be used corruptly.

Hint 32

Enlightenment

Front 33

Second Problem with Enlightenment

Back 33

Reshaping of reality to suit ones' desires is destructive to human rights.

Hint 33

Enlightenment

Front 34

Enlightenment Anthropology
- Mixed signals of human conditions

Back 34

Person: Subject or object

Hint 34

Enlightenment

Front 35

Person: Object

Back 35

Can be used. Race and gender only characteristics.

Hint 35

Enlightenment

Front 36

Person: Subject

Back 36

Person resists descriptors for usage.

Hint 36

Enlightenment

Front 37

Olaudah Equiano
(c.1745-1797)

Back 37

Captured by black raiders for English slave trade, purchased in Virginia by Naval Officer, who provided education. Served in Seven Years' War. Baptised as Christian. Instead of obtaining freedom, he was sent to Caribbean. Sold to Robert King, quaker merchant in Philadelphia who dealt in sugar and Rum. First mate on King's ship. Traded on side and bought his own freedom at age of 21.

Hint 37

Atlantic World

Front 38

"Interesting Narative"

Back 38

Book by Olaudah Equiano inspiring the abolition of slavery.

Hint 38

Atlantic World

Front 39

50,000

Back 39

Number of West Africans brought through Atlantic Slave trade in 1756.

Hint 39

Atlantic World

Front 40

Atlantic Slave Trade

Back 40

Most extensive and significant portion of African slave trade. Well organized and efficient by 1750's.

Hint 40

Atlantic World

Front 41

11.7 million

Back 41

Africans transported across Atlantic between 1450 and 1900.

Hint 41

Atlantic World

Front 42

slave crops

Back 42

worked on sugar, rice, coffee, tobacco, cotton (19th century)

Hint 42

Atlantic World

Front 43

Decentralized states in Europe that took part in early Industrialization.

Back 43

England, 17 providences in Netherlands including Dutch Republic

Hint 43

Atlantic World

Front 44

1648

Back 44

Following 30 years war, Netherlands received their independence from Spain and set up Dutch East India Trading Company (Dutch merchants traveling abroad), controlled by gov't to exploit Atlantic trade.

Hint 44

Atlantic World

Front 45

Mercantilism

Back 45

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. Aimed specifically at creating a favorable balance of foreign trade in order to increase a country's stock of gold (and silver - saved for times of war).

Hint 45

Atlantic World

Front 46

7 aspects of Mercantilism

Back 46

1.export value high 2. encourage your exports. 3. invest 4. Import laborers 5. Improve transportation 6. Impose tariffs 7. Need colonies

Hint 46

Atlantic World

Front 47

Dutch trade 1660's

Back 47

257 ships/fleet employed 12,000 around the world.
Europeans became dependent on Dutch silk, pearls, flavoring spices (from Indonesia)

Hint 47

Atlantic World

Front 48

Event in American history related to Dutch control of East Indies

Back 48

WWII, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to destroy American Fleet

Hint 48

Atlantic World

Front 49

Two products that permanently transformed sociability and spread of democratic values

Back 49

Tobacco, coffee

Hint 49

Atlantic World

Front 50

smoking in the 17th century

Back 50

Early 17th century - New Fashion, Dutch import smoking from New World.

Late 17th Century - smoking referred to as drinking smoke

Hint 50

Atlantic World

Front 51

History of Tobacco

Back 51

In New World before English arrived.
Pipes smoked by Mayans and Aztecs.
Incas used tobacco as medicine.
Brazil used powdered form of Tobacco called Snuff (became big in France)

Hint 51

Atlantic World

Front 52

1st standard of mercantilism

Back 52

exported goods have to have a better value than imported goods

Hint 52

Atlantic World

Front 53

2nd aspect of mercantilism

Back 53

encourage your exports
(create trade monopolies)

Hint 53

Atlantic World

Front 54

3rd aspect of mercantilism

Back 54

invest in promising export industries
(subsidize shipping concerns with government money)

Hint 54

Atlantic World

Front 55

4th standard of mercantilism

Back 55

Import laborers
(ex: "The Mission")

Hint 55

Atlantic World

Front 56

5th aspect of mercantilism

Back 56

Improve internal system of transportation
(build canals for lower countries in Netherlands)

Hint 56

Atlantic World

Front 57

6th aspect of mercantilism

Back 57

Impose heavy burden of tariffs on goods coming in that might compete with domestic products

Hint 57

Atlantic World

Front 58

7th aspect of mercantilism

Back 58

Vital domestic labor supply producing goods, need colonies as markets for domestic goods
-place to dump extras

Hint 58

Atlantic World

Front 59

Dutch relation to tobacco in 17th century.

Back 59

Controlled curing process

Hint 59

Atlantic World

Front 60

Netherlands and Poland occupants

Back 60

Descendants of Jews kicked out by Spanish in 15th century.

Hint 60

Atlantic World

Front 61

spread of tobacco

Back 61

geographically - Western to Eastern Europe
Socially -Upper class downward, men to women

Hint 61

Atlantic World

Front 62

women and tobacco

Back 62

Women usually did snuff. Woman caught smoking pipe was target for cartoonists. Russian invented cigarettes for women- smoked as sign of emancipation.

Hint 62

Atlantic World

Front 63

women and coffee

Back 63

women enthusiasts of coffee. 1732, Bach, "Women in love with coffee"

Hint 63

Atlantic World

Front 64

history of coffee

Back 64

during Renaissance, Europeans going through middle east saw Turkish drinking Kavah. Expensive because Arabs controlled its trade, but a few tried it.
Dutch East India trading transported coffee plants to Java. Slaves took care of crops, coffee spread.

Hint 64

Atlantic World

Front 65

promotion of sociability and democratic values by coffee

Back 65

coffee shops free spaces for socializing.
cops were not there so people talked politics on social changes and justice.

Hint 65

Atlantic World

Front 66

1652

Back 66

first coffee shop opened in London

Hint 66

Atlantic World

Front 67

globalization

Back 67

helped popularize coffee, tobacco, chocolate, tea.

Hint 67

Atlantic World

Front 68

Triangular Trade

Back 68

Trade through Atlantic Ocean between Africa, Europe and the Americas.
Required massive supply of cheap labor. Some labor in jungle - hot, wet, promotes disease.
Couldn't use Indian population of New World because they were small in stature and decimated by disease. New Source of labor from Africa.

Hint 68

Atlantic World

Front 69

Trade products from Africa to South America

Back 69

Slaves

Hint 69

Atlantic World

Front 70

Trade products from Africa to Europe

Back 70

Gold

Hint 70

Atlantic World

Front 71

Trade products from Europe to Americas and Africa

Back 71

manufactured goods

Hint 71

Atlantic World

Front 72

Trade products from Americas to Europe

Back 72

Furs, tobacco, silver, sugar (colonial products)

Hint 72

Atlantic World

Front 73

Trade products from Americas to Americas

Back 73

silver

Hint 73

Atlantic World

Front 74

History of African Slavery

Back 74

Trafficking African slaves goes back to ancient times. by 15th century it continued at a steady level. Traded slaves to middle east, Ottoman Empire for domestic servantry. Traded to Renaissance Italy (also slaves from Black Sea) as dock workers.

Hint 74

Atlantic World

Front 75

Portugal exploration

Back 75

On Route to East Asia, Portugese created ports at stops along the way. Took 1,000 slaves/year back to Portugal to serve the rich. Discovering of Americas encourages Portugese to consider vast wealth opportunities of slave trade to countless land holders in colonies.

Hint 75

Atlantic World

Front 76

Sugar Slaves

Back 76

Situation changed dramatically with production of sugar, introduced to Europe from Mid-East. By 1630, 15,000 tons of sugar grown annually, needed more strong workers (from Africa). Sugar can't grow in African climate, so slaves moved to Brazil and Caribbean to grow sugar.

Hint 76

Atlantic World

Front 77

1518

Back 77

ship carried first slaves into New World

Hint 77

Atlantic World

Front 78

sugars influence on mercantilism

Back 78

mercantilism realized sugar and other commodities brought fortunes. Needed slaves to keep up with crops and produce goods that could be sold for less than they're worth because labor was unpaid.

Hint 78

Atlantic World

Front 79

South Africa

Back 79

nation state created when Dutch siezed Portugese forts in the mid 17th century.

Hint 79

Atlantic World

Front 80

Boers

Back 80

Farmers whose descendants created regimes that held a desire to be free

Hint 80

Atlantic World

Front 81

participants in slave trade

Back 81

French, Danish, Prussians, Americans, but Dominated by English.

Hint 81

Atlantic World

Front 82

11 million

Back 82

slaves brought to America

Hint 82

Atlantic World

Front 83

African middlemen

Back 83

Africans in charge of selling their African brothers and sisters into slavery. In charge of setting European prices for slaves. Captured, kidnapped slaves in return for dyed textiles, furniture, manufactured goods, and GUNS, which led to escalated hatred.

Hint 83

Atlantic World

Front 84

(1st)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade

Back 84

immediate, many who became slaves were between the ages of 14 and 35 were kidnapped. heads shaved, stripped naked, some branded. men and women separated. men -leg irons, women -sex with officers or beaten. considered property of their masters, expected to learn their master's language. worked 15-18 hr days. fed enough to keep on feet. death rates high, esp. in Brazil because extreme changes in weather.

Hint 84

Atlantic World

Front 85

(2nd)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade

Back 85

biological racism.
slave trade bothered members of churches. churches didn't intervene, but individuals did by leading abolitionist movements. Used Genesis as reason why slave trade bad.

Hint 85

Atlantic World

Front 86

Theory of Doctrine of Monogenesis

Back 86

Genesis used as reason why slave trade bad. Genesis, creation story states that all came from the same two people in the beginning, so all people are essentially the same.

Hint 86

Atlantic World

Front 87

Slavers response to Monogenesis

Back 87

Didn't like to be accused of immoral behavior, so they dehumanized their victims by saying they weren't fully human because they were dump, dirty and animalistic.

Hint 87

Atlantic World

Front 88

Religious Abolitionists response to slavers

Back 88

blacks are dumb because you don't educate them, dirty because you don't allow them to wash, and animalistic because you give them very little food, so they must fight for food to survive.

Hint 88

Atlantic World

Front 89

(3rd)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade

Back 89

slave trade permanently altered consumption patterns for regular people. 100 million pounds per year by 1730. Sugar shortages led to riots in Paris. Beginning of Western Consumerism.
Supported boom, provided workforce.

Hint 89

Atlantic World