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89 Cards in this Set
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Thomas Jefferson
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Reason gives world freedom.
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Enlightenment
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
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Reason gives world peace.
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Enlightenment
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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Reason gives world social harmony.
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Enlightenment
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Montesquieu (1689-1755)
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Reason gives world moderate government reform.
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Enlightenment
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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"Reasonableness of Christianity"
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Enlightenment
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Reason
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Protestants and Catholics have this in common.
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Enlightenment
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Philosophical/Religious view of soul.
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Everything has a soul, that is what makes it what it is.
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Enlightenment
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Scientific view of soul.
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Physical nature consists of matter.
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Enlightenment
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Western Epistemic of understanding before the enlightenment
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Faith & Reason
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Enlightenment
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Western Epistemic of understanding during the enlightenment
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Reason over faith because faith causes war.
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Enlightenment
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Reason for reason over faith
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Religion too emotionally charged. Leaders twist faith to rule. Rape of women. Destruction of crops.
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Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution
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17th and early 18th Century
Physical nature is the only proper object of inquiry. "Impersonal reason". Laws should be explained mathematically. Nature can be mastered through observation. Once mastered, can serve human desires. |
Enlightenment
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Issac Newton
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Reduction of physical nature to math.
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Enlightenment
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Connection between scientific revolution and Enlightenment
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claim that scientific methodology and inductive reasoning could explain everything, including human interaction.
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Enlightenment
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Adam Smith
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Economic relationships may seem disordered, but they're not.
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Enlightenment
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Science
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Discovers order and chaos. Attempts to show all hidden mysteries of the world. Ability to explain everything and solve problems.
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Enlightenment
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Result of cosmos scientific finding
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all other methods of deriving truth are irrelevant and irrational; including magic, occult, mysticism, and religion.
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Enlightenment
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First Implication of Enlightenment
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Two primary targets -women and Catholics. Women are overly emotional, Catholics have vicious clergy who bend minds of young.
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Enlightenment
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Second Implication of Enlightenment
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Everything is determined by material properties.
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Enlightenment
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Third Implication of Enlightenment
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The mind is determined by its material properties.
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Enlightenment
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Tabula Rasa
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"clean slate" priviledges education, especially for the young because you can make a person be what you want by controlling the information they receive.
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Enlightenment
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Enlightenment education
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Education should take place within a framework of personal freedom.
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Enlightenment
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Object of rational individual
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examine critically facts of existence and determine laws embedded there-in, so that the human condition, the world itself, could be transformed. adjust on the basis of good science, so the world will become closer to ideal.
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Enlightenment
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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French. Religious toleration, freedom of press, freedom from discourse of religious authorities.
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Enlightenment
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Constitutionalism will protect individual rights.
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Enlightenment
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Montesquieu (1689-1755)
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Checks and balances to protect from institutionalized corruption
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Enlightenment
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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French radical, gov't needs to be responsible to general will, listen to people.
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Enlightenment
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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Free markets
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Enlightenment
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
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Women should share the rights of men, including education and political freedom
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Enlightenment
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
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Prussian pedagog, analyzed the golden rule, contributed to moral law
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Enlightenment
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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
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Italian, stop extreme punishment of criminals
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Enlightenment
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First Problem with Enlightenment
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The alteration of nature could be used corruptly.
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Enlightenment
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Second Problem with Enlightenment
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Reshaping of reality to suit ones' desires is destructive to human rights.
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Enlightenment
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Enlightenment Anthropology
- Mixed signals of human conditions |
Person: Subject or object
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Enlightenment
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Person: Object
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Can be used. Race and gender only characteristics.
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Enlightenment
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Person: Subject
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Person resists descriptors for usage.
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Enlightenment
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Olaudah Equiano
(c.1745-1797) |
Captured by black raiders for English slave trade, purchased in Virginia by Naval Officer, who provided education. Served in Seven Years' War. Baptised as Christian. Instead of obtaining freedom, he was sent to Caribbean. Sold to Robert King, quaker merchant in Philadelphia who dealt in sugar and Rum. First mate on King's ship. Traded on side and bought his own freedom at age of 21.
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Atlantic World
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"Interesting Narative"
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Book by Olaudah Equiano inspiring the abolition of slavery.
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Atlantic World
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50,000
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Number of West Africans brought through Atlantic Slave trade in 1756.
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Atlantic World
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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Most extensive and significant portion of African slave trade. Well organized and efficient by 1750's.
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Atlantic World
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11.7 million
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Africans transported across Atlantic between 1450 and 1900.
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Atlantic World
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slave crops
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worked on sugar, rice, coffee, tobacco, cotton (19th century)
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Atlantic World
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Decentralized states in Europe that took part in early Industrialization.
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England, 17 providences in Netherlands including Dutch Republic
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Atlantic World
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1648
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Following 30 years war, Netherlands received their independence from Spain and set up Dutch East India Trading Company (Dutch merchants traveling abroad), controlled by gov't to exploit Atlantic trade.
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Atlantic World
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Mercantilism
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A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. Aimed specifically at creating a favorable balance of foreign trade in order to increase a country's stock of gold (and silver - saved for times of war).
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Atlantic World
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7 aspects of Mercantilism
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1.export value high 2. encourage your exports. 3. invest 4. Import laborers 5. Improve transportation 6. Impose tariffs 7. Need colonies
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Atlantic World
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Dutch trade 1660's
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257 ships/fleet employed 12,000 around the world.
Europeans became dependent on Dutch silk, pearls, flavoring spices (from Indonesia) |
Atlantic World
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Event in American history related to Dutch control of East Indies
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WWII, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to destroy American Fleet
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Atlantic World
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Two products that permanently transformed sociability and spread of democratic values
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Tobacco, coffee
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Atlantic World
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smoking in the 17th century
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Early 17th century - New Fashion, Dutch import smoking from New World.
Late 17th Century - smoking referred to as drinking smoke |
Atlantic World
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History of Tobacco
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In New World before English arrived.
Pipes smoked by Mayans and Aztecs. Incas used tobacco as medicine. Brazil used powdered form of Tobacco called Snuff (became big in France) |
Atlantic World
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1st standard of mercantilism
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exported goods have to have a better value than imported goods
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Atlantic World
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2nd aspect of mercantilism
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encourage your exports
(create trade monopolies) |
Atlantic World
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3rd aspect of mercantilism
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invest in promising export industries
(subsidize shipping concerns with government money) |
Atlantic World
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4th standard of mercantilism
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Import laborers
(ex: "The Mission") |
Atlantic World
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5th aspect of mercantilism
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Improve internal system of transportation
(build canals for lower countries in Netherlands) |
Atlantic World
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6th aspect of mercantilism
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Impose heavy burden of tariffs on goods coming in that might compete with domestic products
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Atlantic World
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7th aspect of mercantilism
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Vital domestic labor supply producing goods, need colonies as markets for domestic goods
-place to dump extras |
Atlantic World
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Dutch relation to tobacco in 17th century.
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Controlled curing process
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Atlantic World
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Netherlands and Poland occupants
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Descendants of Jews kicked out by Spanish in 15th century.
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Atlantic World
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spread of tobacco
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geographically - Western to Eastern Europe
Socially -Upper class downward, men to women |
Atlantic World
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women and tobacco
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Women usually did snuff. Woman caught smoking pipe was target for cartoonists. Russian invented cigarettes for women- smoked as sign of emancipation.
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Atlantic World
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women and coffee
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women enthusiasts of coffee. 1732, Bach, "Women in love with coffee"
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Atlantic World
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history of coffee
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during Renaissance, Europeans going through middle east saw Turkish drinking Kavah. Expensive because Arabs controlled its trade, but a few tried it.
Dutch East India trading transported coffee plants to Java. Slaves took care of crops, coffee spread. |
Atlantic World
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promotion of sociability and democratic values by coffee
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coffee shops free spaces for socializing.
cops were not there so people talked politics on social changes and justice. |
Atlantic World
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1652
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first coffee shop opened in London
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Atlantic World
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globalization
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helped popularize coffee, tobacco, chocolate, tea.
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Atlantic World
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Triangular Trade
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Trade through Atlantic Ocean between Africa, Europe and the Americas.
Required massive supply of cheap labor. Some labor in jungle - hot, wet, promotes disease. Couldn't use Indian population of New World because they were small in stature and decimated by disease. New Source of labor from Africa. |
Atlantic World
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Trade products from Africa to South America
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Slaves
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Atlantic World
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Trade products from Africa to Europe
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Gold
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Atlantic World
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Trade products from Europe to Americas and Africa
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manufactured goods
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Atlantic World
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Trade products from Americas to Europe
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Furs, tobacco, silver, sugar (colonial products)
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Atlantic World
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Trade products from Americas to Americas
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silver
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Atlantic World
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History of African Slavery
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Trafficking African slaves goes back to ancient times. by 15th century it continued at a steady level. Traded slaves to middle east, Ottoman Empire for domestic servantry. Traded to Renaissance Italy (also slaves from Black Sea) as dock workers.
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Atlantic World
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Portugal exploration
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On Route to East Asia, Portugese created ports at stops along the way. Took 1,000 slaves/year back to Portugal to serve the rich. Discovering of Americas encourages Portugese to consider vast wealth opportunities of slave trade to countless land holders in colonies.
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Atlantic World
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Sugar Slaves
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Situation changed dramatically with production of sugar, introduced to Europe from Mid-East. By 1630, 15,000 tons of sugar grown annually, needed more strong workers (from Africa). Sugar can't grow in African climate, so slaves moved to Brazil and Caribbean to grow sugar.
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Atlantic World
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1518
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ship carried first slaves into New World
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Atlantic World
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sugars influence on mercantilism
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mercantilism realized sugar and other commodities brought fortunes. Needed slaves to keep up with crops and produce goods that could be sold for less than they're worth because labor was unpaid.
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Atlantic World
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South Africa
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nation state created when Dutch siezed Portugese forts in the mid 17th century.
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Atlantic World
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Boers
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Farmers whose descendants created regimes that held a desire to be free
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Atlantic World
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participants in slave trade
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French, Danish, Prussians, Americans, but Dominated by English.
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Atlantic World
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11 million
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slaves brought to America
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Atlantic World
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African middlemen
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Africans in charge of selling their African brothers and sisters into slavery. In charge of setting European prices for slaves. Captured, kidnapped slaves in return for dyed textiles, furniture, manufactured goods, and GUNS, which led to escalated hatred.
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Atlantic World
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(1st)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade
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immediate, many who became slaves were between the ages of 14 and 35 were kidnapped. heads shaved, stripped naked, some branded. men and women separated. men -leg irons, women -sex with officers or beaten. considered property of their masters, expected to learn their master's language. worked 15-18 hr days. fed enough to keep on feet. death rates high, esp. in Brazil because extreme changes in weather.
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Atlantic World
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(2nd)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade
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biological racism.
slave trade bothered members of churches. churches didn't intervene, but individuals did by leading abolitionist movements. Used Genesis as reason why slave trade bad. |
Atlantic World
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Theory of Doctrine of Monogenesis
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Genesis used as reason why slave trade bad. Genesis, creation story states that all came from the same two people in the beginning, so all people are essentially the same.
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Atlantic World
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Slavers response to Monogenesis
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Didn't like to be accused of immoral behavior, so they dehumanized their victims by saying they weren't fully human because they were dump, dirty and animalistic.
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Atlantic World
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Religious Abolitionists response to slavers
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blacks are dumb because you don't educate them, dirty because you don't allow them to wash, and animalistic because you give them very little food, so they must fight for food to survive.
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Atlantic World
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(3rd)Consequence of Atlantic Slave Trade
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slave trade permanently altered consumption patterns for regular people. 100 million pounds per year by 1730. Sugar shortages led to riots in Paris. Beginning of Western Consumerism.
Supported boom, provided workforce. |
Atlantic World
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