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85 Cards in this Set
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Iconoclasm
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(Iconoclast controversy) (717-878) A serious and often violent theological debate that raged in Byzantium after Emperor Leo II ordered the destruction of religious art on the grounds that any image representing a divine or holy personage is prone to promote idol worship and blasphemy. Iconoclast means "breaker of icons." Those who supported the veneration of icons were called "iconodules," "adherents of icons."
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dogma
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Dogma is the official system of belief or doctrine held by a religion, or a particular group or organization. Dogma came to signify laws or ordinances adjudged and imposed upon others by the first century.
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liturgy
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Liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to its particular traditions. It is a communal response to the sacred thru activity reflecting praise, thanksgiving, supplication, or repentance. It forms the basis for establishing a relationship with a diving agency as well as with other participants in the liturgy.
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canon law
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(church law)
-puts pope at the head -courts in every corner with appeal system (kings hated this) A body of laws and regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority for the government for the Christian organization and its members. A canon is originally a rule adopted by a council. These canons formed the foundation of canon law. |
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ecclesia
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"the chosen people" bride of Christ
It can mean church but church also means society/christendom. The framework of the ecclesia is questioned by the investiture controversy. Ecclecia starts to equal clergy when they try to figure out what needs changed. When ecclesia becomes to mean clergy and no longer means society, it means people can leave the church. It leads to the protestant reformation and lead to people having questions about the church/ how to define God. |
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Alexandria,Antioch, Rome,Jerusalem
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Churches were here:
They were part of the 5 episcopalcies of the Roman empire. (Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria) The Islamic conquests of Alex., Jerus, Anti in the 7th century left Constaniople the only practical authority of the east. |
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Peter and the rock
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Peter formed church in Rome.
"And I tell you that you are Peter, which means Rock, and on this Rock I will build my church, And the gates of Hades will overcome it." He was the rock of Christianity. Since he was supposedly from Rome, the bishops of Rome were his successors and so they claimed to exercise the same powers he had. |
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ecumenical
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promoting or tending toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation
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Nicene creed
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The Nicene Creed ( is the creed or profession of faith that is most widely used in Christian liturgy. It is called Nicene because, in its original form, it was adopted in the city of Nicaea (in what is now Turkey) by the first ecumenical council, which met there in the year 325.
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abbot
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The word abbot, meaning father, is a title given to the head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity
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pilgrimage
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An annual pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) is part of the teachings of Muhammad. A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance. Dante's Inferno is a pilgrimage.
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common law
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Common law, also known as case law or precedent, is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals, as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process or regulations issued by the executive branch.
-Henry II (king of England) had so much land in France that he spent a lot of time there, so he needed a gov. that could function without him in England. So he creates a system of itinerant justices(traveling justices). They used the customary law of the shire that they're in and document the punishment for crime. They use that punishment for precedent in the future for similar crimes. Customary law is replaced by common law (precedent based law) |
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Carolingian Renaissance
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A cultural and intellectual flowering that took place around the court of Charlemagne in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.
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feudalism
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A problematic modern term that attempts to explain the diffusion of power in medieval Europe, and the many different kinds of political, social. and economic relationships that were forged through the giving and receiving of fiefs (feoda). But because it anachronistic and inadequate, this term has been rejected by most historians of the medieval period.
3 elements: vassal, fief, and feudal justice how nobles operate in their relationship with other nobles |
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fief
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the land you get to use if you support a nobleman
-the title of the person who owns that land -public ceremony (pay homage) |
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vassal
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A person who pledges to be loyal and subservient to a lord in exchange for land, income, or protection.
-Being a lord or vassal put you in the aristocracy. -Since lords could be vassals, it did not mean they were subservient |
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homage
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A ceremony in which an individual becomes the "man" (fief) (French:homme) of a lord.
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manor
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Common farmland worked collectively by the inhabitants of entire villages, sometimes on their own initiative, sometimes at the behest of a lord.
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serf
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An unfree peasant laborer. Unlike slaves, serfs are "attached" to the land they work, and are not supposed to be sold apart from that land.
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primogeniture
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Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings. Matilda was the firstborn, but she was female so the question was if she could take over for Henry I. Civil War btw her supporters and Stephen's supporters. Matilda's son (Henry II) took over after Stephen.
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investiture
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(conflict) The name given to a series of debates over the limitations of spiritual and secular power in Europe during the eleventh and early twelve century, it came to a head when Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV of Germany both claimed the rights to appoint and invest bishops with the regalia of office. After years of diplomatic and military hostility, it was partially settled by the Concordat of Wormsin 1122.
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Constantinople
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Founded by the emperor Constantine on the site of a village called Byzantium, Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 324 and continued to be the seat of imperial power after its capture by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It is now known at Istanbul.
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Byzantium
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The name of a small settlement located at the mouth of the Black Sea and at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, it was chosen by Constantine as the site for his new imperial capital of Constantinople in 324 CE. Modern historians use this name to refer to the eastern Roman Empire that persisted in this region in 143, but the inhabitants of that empire referred to themselves as Romans.
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Inferno
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Inferno (Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.
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Purgatory
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Purgatory is the condition of purification or temporary punishment by which those who die in a state of grace are believed to be made ready for Heaven. Only one who dies in a state of grace can be in purgatory, not anyone from hell.
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heresy
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Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. People who weren't Christian.
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scholasticism
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The educational revolution that began in the 11th century led to the development of new critical methods for framing and resolving complex theological and philosophical problems. They are collectively known as scholasticism, meaning that they had their origins in the pedagogy of medieval schools. Scholastic methods are highly systematic and highly respectful for authority, but they also rely on rigorous questioning and argumentation. They place great evidence on information derived from reason. The theory and practice of reconciling various forms of knowledge through logical debate, often called dialect.
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Romanesque
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Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. It is important b/c Gislebertus' techniques were a transition from Romanesque sculpture to gothic sculpture
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Gothic
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(style) A type of graceful architecture emerging in twelfth and thirteenth century England and France. The style is characterized by pointed arches, delicate decoration, and large windows.
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stained glass
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Part of the gothic style. It is colored glass commonly seen in churches.
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Mystery Religion
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Cult of Mythms: lots of soldiers, bathe man in blood, "reborn"
-the golden ass -put ointment on, turned into ass; passes from owner to owner and got to see the Roman Empire; dedicated to cult of Isis -emotional commitment |
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Diocletian
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(245-316) As emperor of Rome from 284-305, Diocletian recognized that the empire could not be governed by one man in one place. His solution was to divide the empire into four parts, each with its own imperial ruler, but he himself remained the dominant ruler of the resulting tetrarchy ( rule of four. He also initiated the Great Persecution, a time when many Christians became martyrs to their faith.
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Constantine
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(275-337) The first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity, Constantine came to power in 312. In 324,he founded a new imperial capital, Constantinople, on the site of a maritime settlement known as Byzantium.
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Constantinople
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Founded by the emperor Constantine on the site of a village called Byzantium, Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 324 and continued to be the seat of imperial power after its capture by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It is now known at Istanbul.
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Benedict of Nursia
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(480-547) Benedict's rule for monks formed the basis of western monasticism and is still observed in monasteries all over the world.
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Jerome
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(340-420) One of the early "fathers" of the Church, he translated the Bible from Hebrew to Greek into a popular form of Latin- hence the name by which this translation is known: the Vulgate, or "vulgar" (popular) Bible.
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Vulgate
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version of the Bible, updated version of this in Catholic churches. Jerome's Bible
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Ambrose
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(340-397) One of the early "fathers" of the Church, he helped to define the relationship between the sacred authority of bishops and other Church leaders and the secular authority of worldly rulers. He believed that secular rulers were a part of the Church, and therefore subject to it.
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Augustine
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(of Hippo) (354-397) One of the most influential theologians of all time, Augustine described his conversion to Christianity in his autobiographical Confessions and articulated a new Christian worldview in the City of God, among other works.
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City of God
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Work of Augustine; he articulated a new Christian worldview (5th century)
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Confessions
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work of Augustine in which he described his conversion to Christianity (autobiography)
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Gislebertus
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He is a French Romanesque sculptor. He was one of the only people who put his name on his works. He did work on cathedrals. First worked at Cluny.
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Gregory the Great
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(Pope Gregory I) (590-604) Also known as Gregory the Great, he was the first bishop of Rome to successfully negotiate a more universal role for the papacy. His political and theological agenda widened the rift between the western Latin (Catholic) Church and the eastern Greek (Orthodox) Church in Byzantium. He also articulated the Church's official position on the status of Jews, promoted affective approaches to religious worship, encouraged the Benedictine monastic movement, and sponsored missionary expeditions.
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Hrotsvit of Gandersheim
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935. The first female playwright. She was raised under Otto's influence. When she entered a royal convent, she wrote plays blending Roman comedy with the stories of early Christian martyrs for the entertainment and instruction of her fellow nuns.
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Huns
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men deadly with bows and arrows, horses:
One of the tribes that invaded Rome. They had civic pride. There was a sense of allegiance to the tribe, not the country. Not a Germanic tribe, they scared the Germans and the Romans. Romans accept the tribes but give them bad land, so the tribes attack Rome. During the mid 4th century a group of nomadic herdsman known as the huns began to migrate westward from central asia into the region north and east of the black sea. |
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Alfred the Great
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king of England (871-899) As a direct response to the Viking threat, a newly formed Kingdom emerged for the first time under him. His success in defending his own west saxon kingdom from viking attacks, combined with the destruction of every other competing royal dynasty, allowed alfred and his heirs to assemble affective armed forces, institute mechanisms of local government, found new towns, and codify English laws. In addition, Alfred established a court school and fostered a distinctive anglo-saxon literacy culture.
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Anglo-Saxons
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Around the year 600, Anglo-Saxon tribes settled on the island of Britain were approached by missionaries sent from Rome. This is the beginning of the modern age. The relationships among religions started to develop.
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Attila
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The ruler of the Huns 434-453. He led the Huns in an invasion in Roman territory.
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Franks
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The Franks of Gaul. Charlemagne was he ruler of the Franks. Confederation of Germanic tribes that invaded Rome. The Franks followed the Vandals accross the Rhine and established tribes of their own.
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Tacitus
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Roman writer at the end of first centruy CE. Writing about tribes that invade Rome. He describes them as groups having civic pride- doing their duty. They create create groups of warriors: comitatus. Chiefs fight for victory, companions fight for their chief.
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Clovis
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481-511. A warrior-king who established an alliance between his family and the powerful bishops of Gaul by converting to Roman Christianity- emulating the example of Constantine on many levels.
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Merovingians
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Clovis's family. They were a noble family in Gaul. They were not the only noble family in Gaul with a claim to kingship, but they were more successful than there counterparts. Monasteries made it more wealthy and stable than other regions of Europe.
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Mohammed
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The founder of Islam. He was born in Mecca around 570.By around 610, he experienced a spiritual epiphany. He was part of the tribe Quraish.
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Pope Leo III
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(795-816) On Christmas day in 800, Charlemagne was crowned by Pope Leo III. Centuries later, popes would cite this epochal event as precedant for the political superiority they claimed over the holy Roman Empire. In the year 800, pope Leo was under Charlemagne's thumb. Orders all idols to be broken.
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Charlemange
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(742-814) As king of the Franks (767-813), Charles "the Great" consolidated much of western Europe under his rule. In 800 he was crowned emperor by the pope in Rome, establishing a problematic precedent that would have wide-ranging consequences for western Europe's relationship with the eastern Roman Empire in Byzantium and for the relationship between the papacy and secular rulers.
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Charles the Bald
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AKA Charles II was the holy roman empire from 875-877 and king of west francia. He was the youngest son of emperor Louis the pious and his wife judith.
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Louis the German
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AKA Louis II. King of Germany from around 840-876. One of Louis the pious's sons who was given some land (eastern francia) after louis the pious's emperor disintigrated.
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Strassbourg Oath
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842. Louis and Charles speak different languages to their soldiers. Oldest written version of the French language. Lothar defeated.
-Pledges of allegiance and cooperation between Louis the german and Charles the bald rulers of east and west francia respectively. written in 3 diff languages: medieval latin, old french, and high german. |
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Song of Roland
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A heroic epic. It is the product of oral storytelling tradition that took shape over hundreds of years. Written down around the year 1100, it reflects the many ways in which the world changed since the time of Charlemagne. It is in French, no longer the Frankish tongue of Charlemagne.
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Otto I
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Saxony. In 955 he defeated the pagan Magyars while carrying a sacred lance that had belonged to Charlemagne.
-holy roman emperor from 976--973. this victory established otto as a dominate power and as Charlemagne's worthy succesor. He also replaced the pope when he was crowned emperor. Thus, setting the foundation for his successors claims to imperial autonomy. |
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Adelaide
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second wife Otto I. She was influential to the courst even after Otto I died. Hrotsvit tells the story of Otto resceuing her.
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Battle of the Lech
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955. Otto I battles the Magyar. Otto wins and the Magyar threat is destroyed and this is how he becomes known as the great. Germanic territory
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William the Conqueror
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(1027-1087) Duke of Normandy who laid claim to the throne of England in 1066, defeating the Anglo-Saxon Kind Harold at the Battle of Hastings. He and his Norman followers imposed imperial rule in England through a brutal campaign of military conquest, surveillance, and the suppression of the indigenous Anglo-Saxon language.
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Vikings
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(800-1000) The collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate disrupted Scandinavian commercial networks and turned traders into raiders (the word "viking" describes the activity of raiding). These raids often escalated into invasions that contributed to the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, resulted in the devastation of settled territories, and ended with the establishment of Viking colonies. By the tenth century, Vikings controlled areas of eastern England, Scotland, the islands of Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and parts of northern France. They had also established the beginnings of the kingdom that became Russia and made exploratory voyages to North America, founding a settlement at Newfoundland (Canada).
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Henry IV (Germany)
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In 1056 the 6 year old henry IV (1050-1106) succeeded his father as king and emperor. Since he was underaged, German princes of various regions were trying to fight over gaining control of the royal government and when he was old enough to rule in 1073, it created civil war. He had problems with gregory. He had to beg forgiveness from the pope to keep his crown.
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Gregory VII
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Pope (1073-1085). He said the no laymen should have control over the church. He allied himself with the rebellious saxon nobility to depose henry.
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Canossa
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The castle that Gregory was at when he had plans to depose henry. Henry went there to do penance. He didn't get deposed, but it did not resolve his dispute. It gave the church more power than secular power.
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Gislebertus
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..
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Concordat of Worms
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have 2 investitures. iuterregnum btw the kings. In Germany. Its terms declared that the emperor was forbidden to invest prelates with the religous symbols of their office but was allowed to invest them with the symbols of their rights as temporal rulers, in his capacity as their overlord.
-It created a period of peace btw popes and rulers (1120-1160) |
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Chretien de Troyes
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1165-90 He wrote Arthurian Romances. He wrote about civalry and how people can act irrational when they are in love.
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First Crusade
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(1095-1099) Launched by Pope Urban II in response to a request from the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, who had asked for a small contingent of knights to assist him in fighting Turkish forces in Anatolia; Urban instead directed the crusaders' energies toward the Holy Land and the recapture of Jerusalem, promising those who took the cross (crux) that they would merit eternal salvation if they died in the attempt. This crusade prompted attacks against Jews throughout Europe and resulted in six subsequent- and unsuccessful- military campaigns.
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Anselm of Canterbury
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Abbet that proved God in one sentence. (ontological question: that God is that than which nothing greater can be therefore God exists) This statement got people thinking and they tried to combat it.
The founder of scholasticism. A benedictine monk. |
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St. Bernard
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12th century.
Part of Cistercians monk. He recruits people for cistercians. They go against teachers. |
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Cistercians
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Bernard clairvaux was part of this order in the 12th century.
the most powerful order. People glossed the Benedictine Rule (they gave there own def. of what it should be). the cistercians demanded that people follow it without gloss (sineglossa) |
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St. Francis
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(1515-1547) of Assisi. He was the founder of the Franciscans. He went on a pilgrimage to Rome and joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basillica. This moved him to live in poverty. He is buried him in an elaborate church. He did this without official approval therefore risking papal censure. A future pope may look at him as a heretic. in 1209 pope innnocent III granted him permission to preach.
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Inquisition
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Tribunal of the Roman Church that aims to enforce religious orthodoxy and conformity.
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Innocent III
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(1160/1-1216) As pope, he wanted to unify all of Christendom under papal hegemony. He furthered this goal at the Fourth Lateran council of 1215, which defined one of the Church's dogmas as the acknowledgment of papal supremacy. The council also took an unprecedented interest in the religious education and habits of every Christian.
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Dante Alighieri
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1265–1321 He wrote the inferno. (Divine commedy) major italian poet of the middle ages. His work was widely considered the greatest literary work composed in the italian language.
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Beatrice
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Dante was in love with Beatrice. Beatrice sent Virgil to lead Dante through Hell, because if she went, he would not have any motivation to reach purgatory which is where she was. She was going to lead him through purgatory to get him to heaven.
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Abelard
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(Peter) (1079-1142) Highly influential philosopher, theologian, and teacher, often considered the founder of the University of Paris. Abelard and Heloise. Teacher to heloise. heloise gets pregnant, goes to nunery, abelard becomes monk and spiritual leader to heloise.
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Heloise
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(1090-1164) One of the foremost scholars of her time, she became the pupil and the wife of the philosopher and teacher Peter Abelard. In later life, she was the founder of a new religious order for women.
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sic et non
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yes and no. book about development of intellectual thought
-1120 published by Abelard, his book was a contradiction to the scripture. In St. Bernard's opinion it was a threat to the Truth. |
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Aquinas
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tried to reconcile Aristotillian philosophy with Christianity.
-summa theologica- decent with the notion that you can logically prove christianity and society. -logic doesn't solve everything. at some point you need a leap of faith. |
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Cluny
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A powerful Benedictine monastery founded in 910 whose enormous wealth and prestige would derive from its independence from secular authorities, as well as from its wide network of daughter houses (priories).
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diocese
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The territory or churches subject to the jurisdiction of a bishop. There are divided into parishes. It is part of the church governance called episcopal polity. An archdiocese were under control of the archbishop. So, the archbishop could have metropolitan authority over the bishop in his ecclesiastical province.
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