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256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protestant Movement was a call for what?
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For church reform
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Reason behind the reformation?
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Dissatisfaction with the roman catholic church and the pope in particular (corruption)
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The voices that were particularly strong were from?
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The North
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Martin Luther was originally a what before becoming a monk?
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Law Student
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Martin Luther studies theology where?
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In Wittenburg
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What did Luther believed earned you salvation?
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Faith in Christ's sacrifice alone: only God's grace not good works would save man.
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What famous document was Luther in charge of?
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The 95 Thesis (only 2 sacraments rather than 7 in church doctrine)
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What were the consequences of the 95 Thesis?
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Excommunication by the pope and put on trial for heresy
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Describe Luther's Translation of the Bible while in hiding?
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-From Greek to Latin
-In vernacular so everyone could read and interpret the bible for themselves |
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Music of the Reformation?
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-Hymns to be sung by congregation not only by clergy
-Lyrics in Vernacular -Battle hymn of the reformation : Luthers "A Mighty Fortress in our God" |
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What influence the Northern Renaissance?
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The Reformation
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What did the Northern Renaissance renew/revive?
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Spiritual values and teachings of the early church fathers
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What did artwork of the Northern Renaissance Reflect?
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Religious change/ renewed religious faith, moral conflicts, human folly
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During the Northern Renaissance there was a huge spark of interest in what?
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Human, animal, and plant anatomy
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Which device was a huge help in the mass production of art and vernacular literature of the Northern Renaissance?
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The Printing Press, which helped further education, beginnings of national pride, and individual self consciousness
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Who supported the Northern Renaissance?
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princes, churchmen, and the rising middle class
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Because of the Reformations the ideas of what spread to other parts of Europe?
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Protestant
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How did the Anglican Church form?
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Henry the VIII breaks from rome for personal reasons (he wanted a divorce) and he declares himself head of the Church of England
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Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
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-Revival of classical/world ideas
-Patronage -Study of translation of classical texts -Art:heroic, new techniques |
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Characteristics of the Northern Renaissance
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-Religious renewal
-patronage -Study and translation of early christian texts Art: new media and genres |
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What influence the Northern Renaissance?
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The Reformation
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What did the Northern Renaissance renew/revive?
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Spiritual values and teachings of the early church fathers
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What did artwork of the Northern Renaissance Reflect?
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Religious change/ renewed religious faith, moral conflicts, human folly
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During the Northern Renaissance there was a huge spark of interest in what?
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Human, animal, and plant anatomy
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Which device was a huge help in the mass production of art and vernacular literature of the Northern Renaissance?
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The Printing Press, which helped further education, beginnings of national pride, and individual self consciousness
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Who supported the Northern Renaissance?
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princes, churchmen, and the rising middle class
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Because of the Reformations the ideas of what spread to other parts of Europe?
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Protestant
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How did the Anglican Church form?
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Henry the VIII breaks from rome for personal reasons (he wanted a divorce) and he declares himself head of the Church of England
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Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
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-Revival of classical/world ideas
-Patronage -Study of translation of classical texts -Art:heroic, new techniques |
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Characteristics of the Northern Renaissance
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-Religious renewal
-patronage -Study and translation of early christian texts Art: new media and genres |
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Thomas More was chancellor to who?
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King Henry VIII
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What work of Thomas More was a political satire that described an ideal state/ community?
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Utopia
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Describe Thomas More
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Christian Humanist who remained catholic despite the king's break with rome
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What modern evils did Thomas More denounce
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Capitalism & religious fanaticism but he was a huge proponent of Christian Charity and religious tolerance
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Montaigne was
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-A French Humanist
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What did Montaigne question?
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The superiority of any one culture over another
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What did Montaigne believe the essence of true education was?
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Self- examination
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What did Montaigne encourage?
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Skepticism and open mindedness; asking questions rather than repeating what was taught
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Montaigne believed that education
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would enable to live in harmony
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Montaigne was the father of what?
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The personal essay
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Characteristics of the personal essay
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-Short prose piece
-vehicle for probing or trying out ideas -addressed subjects such as friendship, virtue and education |
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William Shakespeare wrote during what period of time?
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Golden Age of England (elizabethan england)
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What types of plays did Shakespeare create
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-tragedies
-comedies |
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Shakespeare secular dramas were for what purpose?
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entertainment
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What influenced Shakespeare's plays?
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-Medieval plays
-classical drama -plots from classical,medieval and modern romances |
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Shakespeare used what kind of characters?
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Stock and stereotypical
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What did Shakespeare explore?
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Human nature and what psychological forces motivate human behavior (hamlet )
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How were most of Shakespeare's plays written?
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mostly in renaissance verse form: blank verse (unrhymed and rhymed close to vernacular speech) Sonnets (the english sonnet)
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Shakespeare's brilliant eloquence of language and breadth of expression contributed to what?
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The evolution of the English Language
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Albrecht Durer was born, raised, and worked in the rising urban center where?
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Nuremberg
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Durer was what type of artist?
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Graphic Artist (many media), painter
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Durer studied what type of art?
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Italian Renaissance
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Durer focused mostly on what in his works?
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Religious subjects and moralizing themes (supporter of reformation) but also secular subjects such as landscape and self portraiture.
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Durer believed in what?
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new realism and little idealization
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Durer had a deep attachment to what?
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physical world: investigated human, animal, and plant anatomy
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What new genres did Durer use?
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1. engravings and woodcuts
2. landscape painting (as subject on its own) |
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What new media did Durer use?
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Oil Paint(portraiture) and water color (landscape)
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Hans Holbein (the Younger) was the greatest what?
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German portraitist
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Hans Holbein's work was?
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-realistic and precise portrayal: Life like
-captured personalities |
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Hans Holbein was the first to do what?
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paint domestic group portraiture (more's family)
- also painted english royals |
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Lukas Cranach (the Elder) was a
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Portratist
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Cranach's was a court painter where?
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Wittenburg
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Cranach's Style was?
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usinf flat iron form
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He was a supporter of what? and who did he focus his work on?
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-Reformation
-Reformers and family members |
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What did Grunewald bring to religious subject matter?
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spiritual intensity and emotional subjectivity unmatched elsewhere in europe.
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Grunewald's landmark piece Isenheim Alter piece was commissioned to what?
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offer solace to the victims of disease and plague at the hospital of Saint Anthony
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Grunewald rejected what?
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harmonious proportions and figural idealization in favor of exaggeration and precise detail
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The principal difference between the humanism of Italy and that of Northern Europe was the greater (BLANK) emphasis of the latter
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Religious
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Name a characteristic not associated with the sixteenth- century Calvinist
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Separation of Church and State
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In More's Ideal Society
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Cooperation replaced competition and material greed
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Erasmus' Praise of Folly is a landmark example of?
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Satire
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It is true to say of Durer that he was...
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-A master of engraving techniques
-among the first to explore the genre of landscape -deeply influenced by italian renaissance art |
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Which Northern Renaissance artist was reputed to have perfected oil painting in such works as his Arnolfini Wedding?
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Jan van Eyck
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Luther's Chorales were meant to be sung by who?
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by the entire congregation
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What were the three technologies that powered industrialization?
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Steam power, coal, iron
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Name some of the inventions during industrialization
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telephone, telegraph, camera, electricity(light bulb), x-ray
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Which nations where industrialized?
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Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany (1871) Italy (1861) and later the United States
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Economic and social consequences of industrialization changed what?
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the nature and character of human work, altered relationships between human beings, and affected the environment
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Industrialization created wealth for who?
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a small minority of the population (entrepreneurs, capitalist)
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Name some characteristics of industrialized nations becoming colonial powers.
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-scramble for overseas possessions
-leader in colonial possessions -underdeveloped countries due to exploitation |
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What are some characteristics of socialism?
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-economic/social reform
-capitalism unjust -common ownership, administration in means of production and distribution in the interest of the public good |
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Karl Marx wrote what book?
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The Communist Manifesto
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What did The Communist Manifesto feature?
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-critique of european industrial capitalism and its effects on society and the individual
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What are some of Marx's beliefs
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-more radical than socialism (communism)
-violent revolution permissable -new society, class-less society -abolish private ownership |
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What were some of the novels written by Charles Dickens?
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Oliver Twist
Nicholas Nickelby David Copperfield |
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What is a novel written by
Mark Twain? |
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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What two novels were written by Leo Tolstoy?
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War and Peace
Anna Karenina |
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What was the novel written by Dostoyevsky?
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Crime and Punishment
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What novel did Gustav Flaubert write?
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Maddam Bovery
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What was the social criticism of Realism?
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Affects of Industrial Capitalism against the realities of poverty and inequality.
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Realism brought attention to what?
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Contemporary life and experience
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What genre of literature was featured quite often during the time of Realism?
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Novel
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During the time of Realism, how were men and women portrayed?
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In actual, everyday, and often demoralizing situations.
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What was examined during Realism?
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The social consequences of Middle Class materialism, the plight of the Working Class, subjugation of women.
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Characteristics of the birth of Photography
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Authentic record/documentary
Social and Artistic significance More affordable than paintings Aid in achieving greater realism in painting |
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What are some characteristics of Realist Painting
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Concrete, matter-of-fact, depictions of everyday life
Contemporary, no sentimentality Social criticism |
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What are some characteristics of Impressionist Painting
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Life of leisure and urban pleasures
Attachment to natural surrounding, but no romanticizing/idolizing of nature Contemporary visual experience (Physics of light, chemistry of paint, Law of Optics) |
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Who believed it was ''how you see'' not ''what you see''
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Monet
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What are some characteristics of Van Gogh?
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Landscpaes, stillife, portraits
Bold colors and brush strokes Extensive use of paint and expressive use of color Painters emotional response to object rather than its physical appearance |
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Late 19th century colonialism had as its primary motivation force, the need for what?
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Materials and markets
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The authors of the Communist Manifesto argued that the history of all existing society is the history of what?
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Class struggles
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For their subject matter, the Impressionist Painters drew largely on?
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The urban scene
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The artist who became infatuated with unspoiled nature, especially as it existed in Tahiti was who?
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Gauguin
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What is not an economic or social consequence of Industrialization?
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It brought more equality for the lower classes.
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Who was the leader in the race for overseas possessions?
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England
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What was not apart of Socialist ideas?
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Violent revolutions
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The names William Henry Fox Talbot and Matthew Brady are associated with the history of what?
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Photography
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Characteristics of the Music of Debussy is?
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The use of shifting harmonies
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European Expansion began during what age?
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Renaissance
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European Expansion created the beginnings of what?
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Globalization and Western dominated Modern World System
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What had stimulated Cross-Cultural exchange between East and West since 1000 AD?
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Crusades
long range trade Missionary Activity |
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Who had dominated the trade between East and West until European explorers ventured out?
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Arab merchants, byzantine empire, ottoman turks.
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How were goods exchanged considering the far distances between East and West?
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The Silk Road and the sea
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What developments aided in European Expansion?
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Ottoman presence
Faster and more efficient trade routes Competition with Arabs More accurate maps and charts Improved navigational devices Faster, safer, more practical ships |
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Describe characteristics of Marco Polo
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Venetian explorer
Son of wealthy merchant family Lived at the Chinese court of Mongal Emperor Kublai-Khan Travels recorded and Travels of Marco Polo |
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What are some characteristics of the religion practiced in Africa?
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Animism
1. Belief in Supreme Being 2. A World of spirit in all things 3. Ancestor veneration 4. Belief in magic, rituals |
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What are some characteristics of African sculpture?
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Mostly religious function
Mostly in wood Featured ancestors Fetishes Masks |
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What are some characteristics of African literature?
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Oral tradition
Griots Genres - Epic |
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What are some characteristics of African music
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Monophonic
Polyrhythmic Chants Dances Percussion instruments |
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Until what event occurred was Africa able to preserve local traditions and culture?
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European Expansion
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Africa was a very diverse cultural society that shared what commonalities?
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1000+ languages
1000+ tribes tribal structure: kinship with chief or elders Belief System: animism |
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The muslim conquest of North Africa did what and when did it occur?
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-7th century
-brought language, learning, and religion while leaving many cultural practices intact |
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The muslims in africa where the first to do what?
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be after african commodities such as salt, gold, and slavs
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African Kingdoms such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai existed where
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in the sudan and became places where arabs settled and created centers of trade, learning, and libraries (Timbuktu)
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The portuguese lead the way of what?
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Europeans in africa and the beginning of transatlantic slave trade
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The portuguese followed the pattern and competed with which country?
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Arabs
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The portuguese did what to the African lands?
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destroyed local customs and traditions/patterns and exploited the lands and peoples
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What are characteristics of the Mayan Civilization?
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fortified cities and temples
written language Calender |
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What are characteristics of the Inca Civilization?
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Build roads,bridges, temples and fortresses
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What are characteristics of the Aztec civilization?
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City builders (tenochtitlan)
Roads, canals, aqueducts, temples, palaces, ceremonial plazas solar calender based on mayan calender |
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After columbus other spanish explorers went to the americas such as who?
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Cortes
Landmarks from Cortes: Letters from Mexico and defeated the aztecs in 1521 |
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What is being exchanged during the Columbian exchange?
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food, technology, religion, disease
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the Columbian exchange was the onset of what?
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a global economy dominated by the west bc of wealth acquired through overseas endeavors and the interchange of culture and intermix of peoples
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One of the most influential Baroque artists was which designer of the piazza in front of st. peters basilica?
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Bernini
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In 17th century england, the influential calvinists who called for churchly reform where known as?
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Puritans
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The term baroque in painting compromises all of the following?
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Illusionistic effects
strong contrasts of light and dark theatrical flamboyancy |
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Which technique did Rembrandt develop?
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Etchings
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"Gobelins" is the name associated with the production of what?
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French Tapestry
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The first permanent orchestra in europe was established by who?
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Louis 14th
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The text in opera is called
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Libretto
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The Baroque era represents a turning point in music because it witnessed what?
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The adoption of of equal temperament tuning
the development of oratorio and the birth of the opera |
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The concept of the church militant was defined by Loyolas landmark work, the what?
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Spiritual Exercises
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Giovanni Gabrieli became celebrated for his what?
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Clear and simple religious music
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Which man was not a significant figure in the scientific movement?
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Hogarth
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Which men were a significant influence in the scientific revolution
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Copernicus
Galileo Newton |
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In his " Novum Organum" Bacon objected to what?
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The corruption of science by superstition and theology
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Descartes' proposition "i think therefor i am" demonstrates what?
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a premise he could not doubt
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The works of Boucher and Watteau reflect a style
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known as Rococo
expressed upper class taste and was of great delicacy and sensuality |
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John Locke maintained that
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Legitimate government required the consent of the governed
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Genre painting depicts scenes of what?
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ordinary life
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Which 19th century composer who wrote the piece nicknamed "surprise" is often called the "father of the Symphony"
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Haydn
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The fusion of arts and politics that exalted the ideal service and sacrifice to one's county is exemplified by which landmark?
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David's "oath of the horatti"
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Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson were both noted 18th century writers of which new literary form?
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Novel
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The belief in a mechanistic universe fashioned by a creator God who does not directly intervene in the affairs is called
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Deism
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Romanticism might be said to have rebelled against all of the following
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religious authority
reason industrialization |
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By "sublime" romantics like wordsworth were referring to
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awe-inspiring nature
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Whose "ode on an Grecian urn" concluded that "beauty os truth. truth is beauty"
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Keats
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Which of the following poetic techniques is least associated with the poetry of walt?
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Conventional meter, he often used free verse, alliteration, and assonance
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The most popular musical instrument of the 19th century was the
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piano
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Which of the former slaves learned to read and write and personally authored a memoir with his or her own hand?
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Fredrick Douglas
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Goethe's hero Faust is the epitome of the western
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Romantic anti-hero
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In Delacroix's Liberty leading the poeple, the artist featured those whom he considered the heros of revolutionary france, including
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members of the working middle and working classes
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Darwin contributed to the study of biology chiefly by
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developing the theory of natural selection
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The style of which landmark work was described by its critics as "indian gothic" because of its eastern influences on its design?
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Brighton Pavilion by John Nash
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When was WWI?
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1914-1918
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Why was it called a world war?
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Becasue numerous nations where involved
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The Assassination of who was the major cause of the war?
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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In World War 1 there was an advancement in what?
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technology
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The russian revolution of 1917 had many characteristics, what were they?
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-food and fuel shortages caused by an involvement in WWI
-forced abdication of the tar - reign of terror -Lenin architect of Soviet Communism -classless society BUT: dictatorship over rather than of the proletariat |
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What leads up to the second world war?
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-great depression
-reparations -anarchy -failed democracy |
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Hitlers totalitarian regime was a what?
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national socialism as an extreme form of nationalism
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what are some characteristics of the holocaust?
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-long history of anti-semitism
-annihilation of Europe's jewish population -camps and technology |
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Baroque used to mean grotesque and absurd but now the term describes an artistic style that is dominated by what?
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-florid ornamentation
-spatial grandeur -theatrical flamboyance that speaks to the senses and emotions but also portrays authority and absolute power |
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Describe italian Barque painting
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-religious themes
-appealed to the senses not the intellect -vigorously life like -theatrical -new techniques: foreshortening, centered on the action, bold contrast of light and dark |
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Describe northern baroque landmarks
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-mostly secular themes
-driven by wealthy protestant middle class -less theatrical display but embraced spatial grandeur and expansiveness -literature, visual arts and music |
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Italian baroque architecture was often where?
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the exterior and interior of churches, interior of palaces and theaters and gardens
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Who were two great painters of northern baroque
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vermeer
rembrandt |
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Two great literary pieces from the northern baroque were what?
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the king james bible
and Miltons paradise lost |
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Louis the 14th established the French academies for what reasons?
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To regulate art and support it, but with strict guidelines
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Louis the 14th also established what?
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1. Ballet
2. Theater 3. First court orchestra 4. Opera |
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Louis the 14th was a patron of the arts who is specifically interested in what kind of portraiture?
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Aristocratic
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What are three types of musical compositions?
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Sonata, Suite, Concerto
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Johann Sebastian Bach was known for what?
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1. A mighty fortress is our god
2. Christmas oratorio 3. Art of fugue |
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What are some of the characteristics of Handel's landmark production Messiah?
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Libretto; versus from King James Bible
Composed in 24 days Oratorio Famous Hallelujah chorus |
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The Vivaldi is famous for what piece?
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Concerto: The Four Seasons
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What are the characteristics of an Oratorio
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1. Spiritual/Religious
2. Concert Hall/Church 3. No plot/story line 4. No scenery/Costumes 5. Soloists/Chorus |
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What are some characteristics of an Opera
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1. Secular/Worldly
2. Opera House 3. Plot/Story Line 4. Scenery/Costumes 5. Soloist/Chorus (e.g.; Monte Verde's Orfeo) |
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Name some characteristics of the rise of absolutism in France
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1. Pinnacle of Power, Wealth, and Prestige
2. Oversees exploration and expansion 3. Cultural and intellectual leader |
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During Baroque Age, art was meant to what?
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Glorify the King and Absolute Rule
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Enlightenment means what?
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Illumination
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What is Enlightenment?
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The ability to use one's rational powers without guidance from others. Also known as the Age of Reason
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What inspired the Enlightenment?
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Scientific revolution
-Rational inquiry (Objective attitude toward nature) -New tools and experimental methods -New learning; Sciences |
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During the Age of Reason what was needed for progress and betterment of human kind?
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Science and Reason, not religion
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Demand for social and political equality was?
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Liberating Role of Reason
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During the Age of Reason there was a revival of what?
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Neoclassical arts and ideology
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During the Age of Reason there was a formation of what?
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Social sciences
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The scientific Revolutions had three main characteristics
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1. Direct observation and experimentation (Vesalius and Bacon)
2. Mathematical theory as a method of verification 3. New instruments to measure, test, and predict |
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Nicolas Copernicus did what?
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Universe heliocentric rather than geocentric which was established on the evidence of mathematical calculations.
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Johannes Kepler developed what?
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Heliocentric theory and laws of planetary motion
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What were the reasons for the French Revolution
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Class and equality and financial crisis.
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What were some literary genres of the enlightenment?
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Newspapers and periodicals (tattler and spectator)
Novel (Defoe) Slave Narratives Satire (Swift, Voltaire) |
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Johannes Kepler developed what?
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Heliocentric theory and laws of planetary motion
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Satire was the favorite weapon of whom?
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Enlightenment intellectuals
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What were the reasons for the French Revolution
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Class and equality and financial crisis.
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During Baroque Age, art was meant to what?
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Glorify the King and Absolute Rule
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Louis the 14th established the French academies for what reasons?
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To regulate art and support it, but with strict guidelines
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Satire was used to show what?
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Discrepancies between real, social, and political conditions/injustices and ideas/aspirations of enlightenment
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What were some literary genres of the enlightenment?
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Newspapers and periodicals (tattler and spectator)
Novel (Defoe) Slave Narratives Satire (Swift, Voltaire) |
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Satire was the favorite weapon of whom?
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Enlightenment intellectuals
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Italian baroque architecture was often where?
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the exterior and interior of churches, interior of palaces and theaters and gardens
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Enlightenment means what?
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Illumination
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Who were two great painters of northern baroque
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vermeer
rembrandt |
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What is Enlightenment?
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The ability to use one's rational powers without guidance from others. Also known as the Age of Reason
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Louis the 14th also established what?
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1. Ballet
2. Theater 3. First court orchestra 4. Opera |
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What inspired the Enlightenment?
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Scientific revolution
-Rational inquiry (Objective attitude toward nature) -New tools and experimental methods -New learning; Sciences |
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Satire was used to show what?
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Discrepancies between real, social, and political conditions/injustices and ideas/aspirations of enlightenment
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Louis the 14th was a patron of the arts who is specifically interested in what kind of portraiture?
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Aristocratic
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Satire claims that reason corrupts what?
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Society
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During the Age of Reason what was needed for progress and betterment of human kind?
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Science and Reason, not religion
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Demand for social and political equality was?
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Liberating Role of Reason
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Satire claims that reason corrupts what?
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Society
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What are characteristics of Swift'
s Satire |
-Misuse of reason produces corrupt society
-Moralizing -(e.g.; Gulliver's travels) |
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What are three types of musical compositions?
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Sonata, Suite, Concerto
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Johann Sebastian Bach was known for what?
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1. A mighty fortress is our god
2. Christmas oratorio 3. Art of fugue |
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What are some of the characteristics of Handel's landmark production Messiah?
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Libretto; versus from King James Bible
Composed in 24 days Oratorio Famous Hallelujah chorus |
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During the Age of Reason there was a revival of what?
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Neoclassical arts and ideology
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What are visual arts of the enlightenment
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Rococo
Neoclassicism |
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The Vivaldi is famous for what piece?
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Concerto: The Four Seasons
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What is the difference between Rococo and genre painting
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Genre painting was of the middle and lower class instead of Aristocracy
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What are the characteristics of an Oratorio
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1. Spiritual/Religious
2. Concert Hall/Church 3. No plot/story line 4. No scenery/Costumes 5. Soloists/Chorus |
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What are characteristics of Swift'
s Satire |
-Misuse of reason produces corrupt society
-Moralizing -(e.g.; Gulliver's travels) |
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During the Age of Reason there was a formation of what?
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Social sciences
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What are visual arts of the enlightenment
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Rococo
Neoclassicism |
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What are some characteristics of an Opera
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1. Secular/Worldly
2. Opera House 3. Plot/Story Line 4. Scenery/Costumes 5. Soloist/Chorus (e.g.; Monte Verde's Orfeo) |
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The scientific Revolutions had three main characteristics
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1. Direct observation and experimentation (Vesalius and Bacon)
2. Mathematical theory as a method of verification 3. New instruments to measure, test, and predict |
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What are some examples of Neoclassic architecture?
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Virginia State Capital
Arc De Triumphe Church Lemadeline |
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What is the difference between Rococo and genre painting
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Genre painting was of the middle and lower class instead of Aristocracy
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Name some characteristics of the rise of absolutism in France
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1. Pinnacle of Power, Wealth, and Prestige
2. Oversees exploration and expansion 3. Cultural and intellectual leader |
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What are some examples of Neoclassic architecture?
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Virginia State Capital
Arc De Triumphe Church Lemadeline |
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Nicolas Copernicus did what?
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Universe heliocentric rather than geocentric which was established on the evidence of mathematical calculations.
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Classical music of the eighteeth century was
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-perfromed in concert halls and courts
-secular entertainment -classical over popular -harmony and clarity |
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What are the classical music genres?
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-symphony
-concerto -string quartet -sonata |
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The symphony orchestra was invented during what period?
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age of enlightenment
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Romanticism believed that the essence of human experience was what?
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subjective and emotional
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Romanticism was an age of what?
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-the romantic hero
-spontaneity, intuition, feeling, imagination, wonder -creative genius -love of nature -madness and sickness |
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During the age of romanticism it was a return to what?
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mythic past, forklore, gothic architechture, old order
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Napolean had a dissolution of what?
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the old order
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Classical music of the eighteeth century was
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-perfromed in concert halls and courts
-secular entertainment -classical over popular -harmony and clarity |
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Napolean ablosished what?
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serfdom
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What are the classical music genres?
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-symphony
-concerto -string quartet -sonata |
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The symphony orchestra was invented during what period?
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age of enlightenment
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Napolean had a dissolution of the?
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old order
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Napolean curtailed?
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feudalism
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Napolean spread?
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revolutionary ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality
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Napolean abolished
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serfdom
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Napolean kindled sentiments of?
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nationalism
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