Human Variation Final

Front 1

Cross-cultural patterning

Back 1

the notion of behavioral universals

Front 2

Cross-cultural complexity

Back 2

emphasis on historical contingency, stochasticism, and variation rather than universal patterns

Front 3

Psychological theory

Back 3

Freud

Front 4

Sociobiological theory

Back 4

some argue that genes explain everything and some argue some basic gene responses in social behavior

Front 5

examples of behavioral universals

Back 5

aggression, territorality,homicide, rape,permenant male and female bonds, beauty, music, dancing

Front 6

altruism and conflict with darwinian theory

Back 6

The evolution of cheating should always under cut altruism

Front 7

Assumptions of sociobiology

Back 7

There is major genetic basis for behavior and evolutionary imact can be measured by its effects on reproductive sucess

Front 8

Theoretical objection to altruism

Back 8

The initial act of altruism is negated by the risk of being altruistic

Front 9

Inclusive fitness

Back 9

Change in sllel frequency depends on indirect effects in fittness that the trait bestowes on related individuals

Front 10

Hamilton's formulation of Inclusive fitness

Back 10

wi=ai-cij+Erijbij

Front 11

Hamilton's Rule

Back 11

an allele may increase in frequency even if it is individually disadvantatous
rijbij>cij an altruistic trait can increase frequency if it confers a sufficient advantage on the bearer relatives

Front 12

average genetic correlations

Back 12

highly genetically correlated r up to .75 correlation of relatedness are highly altruistic

Front 13

Sociobiological theory and eusocial insects

Back 13

highly altruistic give up reproductive rights to support the hive the queen and all the other ants have an r=.75

Front 14

Sociobiological theory and primate behavior

Back 14

macaques matrilinal fission when r drops below .0625 and grooming is and imortant social behavior and is often dictated by kin relatedness

Front 15

Sociobiological theory and Human behavior

Back 15

kinship through marriage rules and patterns, inheritance, residence,

Front 16

Critiques of human sociobiology

Back 16

biological and cultural terms for kin often non-concordent, voluntary adoption undercuts the theory why invest in children not your own?

Front 17

R. Trivers

Back 17

It can be advantageous for individual A to help B if B will help in the future, but cheating would seem to be more adaptive behavorial strategy

Front 18

Game Theory

Back 18

cheating should always undercut altruism

Front 19

Evolutionary stable strategies (ESS)

Back 19

an individual first acts cooperatively then reponse as the other response, this hold as long as the # of encounters between individuals is variable and unpredictable

Front 20

Reciprocal altruism in nonhuman primates

Back 20

unrelated male baboons working together against dominant males this requires memory of interacions and memor of actions with particular individuals

Front 21

Socioecology

Back 21

how social structure and organization are influence by environment

Front 22

male reproductive biology

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Unlimited sperm production well into old age leads to Evolutionary stable strateges for mating efforts

Front 23

female reproductive biology

Back 23

limited egg production and large intervirth intervals lead to Evolutionary stable strateges for parenting effort

Front 24

Mating effort vs. parental effort

Back 24

the two are opposite mating effort stays low and then grows fast wil parental effort quickly grows higher

Front 25

Risk-taking vs. Risk- aversion

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Males-will tend to be risk takers, reproductive failure will be higher and survival with be lower
Females-will tend to be rist-averse, reproductive failure lower and survival higher

Front 26

Differential reproductive success by sex

Back 26

females have lower variance while males have higher variance and males depend on resoutce control

Front 27

Differential survival by sex

Back 27

females live longer than males

Front 28

Bride-age marriage patters

Back 28

females consistantly marry younger-younger women higher price, men with more econimic resouces will have uneven access to younger women

Front 29

Re-marriage patterns

Back 29

-widows remarry far less frequently that widowers
-when they do remarry, women tend to remarry at earlier ages than do men
-women's probability of remarriage decllines with age, while a mans does not
-when men remarry they overwhelmingly tend to marry younger women than themselves
-men's second marriages are more fertile than are women's second marriages

Front 30

Male status and resource vale

Back 30

men with more economic resources will have uneven access to younger women

Front 31

H&G male-female division of labor

Back 31

men hunt related to risktakers, while women specialize in extractive foraging- risk averse

Front 32

"Concealed" ovulation in human females

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possible continous sexual receptivity- could result in high risk behavior cuckholding a male that is not the father but is potentially good parent

Front 33

low Waist to hip ratio

Back 33

low ratio-higher levels of oestrogen than testosterone results in more fat deposited on teh buttocks and hips than waist and is generally associated with better health and is strongly perferred by males cross-culturally and through time despite otherwise variable preferences for weight

Front 34

high waist to hip ratio

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relatively higher levels of testosterone results in more fat deposited on waist, disproportionately associated with a variety of health disorders including infertility and adult onset diabetes, not perferred by males

Front 35

facial averageness hyporthesis and stablilizing Selection

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individuals should prefer faces most closely resembling pop. means in accordance with a stabilizing selection model with cognitive processess favoring prototypical category members--J. langlois

Front 36

Exaggerated facial hypothesis and directional selection

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individuals should prefer faces with neoteny for men or robusticiy for women D. Perett-adult studies tested against averageness

Front 37

Age trends in facial perception

Back 37

before puberty they only recognice facial averages after puberty the robusticity and neotony

Front 38

Sex differences in university enrollments

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There are more males in engineering and more females in education
more women in undergrad now than men

Front 39

sex differences in home range size

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Females disperse themself near resouces males sort themselves around female but with a larger range--makes the need for internal mapping strategies

Front 40

distruptive selection and spatial processing

Back 40

most fall inbetween wanderlust for males and risk aversion for females

Front 41

Hippocampus and spatial processing

Back 41

a part of the forbrain located in the medial temporal lobe. It forms a part of the limbic system and plays a part in long term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi one in each side of the brain

Front 42

Home range and hippocampus size in mammals

Back 42

It is alot larger in males with larger home range

Front 43

Apporopriate hippocampus size adjustments

Back 43

you have to standardize for age race and cranial and brain size

Front 44

Human Interior parietal lobe sex differences

Back 44

Sexual dimorphism in IPL. Males had 6% larger IPL volume, larger volume on left side, males were more asymmetrical

Front 45

Innate vs. Learned Spatial

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girls do worse at video games at first but with training time they greatly improve

Front 46

Age and sex differences in contemporary violence patterns

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Young men with the median age of 25 ar much more likely than women to suffer from interpersonal violence

Front 47

Sex and Realtionship context of contemporary violence patterns

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57% of attacks on females are with in the family while only 17% are males

Front 48

Childhood injury deaths and perpetrator relationships

Back 48

-kids residing in house with unrelated adults were 50 times as likely to die of inflicted injuries that children living with two biological parents-unrelated males

Front 49

Sex differences in types of aggression

Back 49

Boys use direct and girls use indirect

Front 50

Direct vs indirect violence

Back 50

both hurt just as much

Front 51

Time -delayed aggression response

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by females with indirect aggression

Front 52

The Pacifistic Past

Back 52

-aggressive behaviors do not have deep evolutionary roots
-instead they are a function of state level societies owner ship of properties and othe social developments that do not reflect behavior in premodern societies

Front 53

Violence in Prehistory

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examples in the biological remains of serious injuries

Front 54

Aggression vs. Cooperation

Back 54

Some think that it is wide spread behaviors and others don't

Front 55

the importance of within-groups cooperative behavior

Back 55

low levels of aggression in primates in which individuals benefit from the collective environment of living in stable social groups

Front 56

Brain structures involved in neuropsychological testing

Back 56

-frontal lobe-contols abstract thinking, planning, social skills, concentration, judgement, creativity, short-term memory and emotional expression
Temporal lobe-visual, auditory, memory
Limbic system-emotion, motivation,libido, fear, sorrow, pleasure, pain, rage, addictive behaviors, and memory

Front 57

Calculation of IQ

Back 57

IQ=mental age/chronological age x 100

Front 58

Distribution of IQ scores following normal distribution

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the average for a reference population is 100, with a SD of 15.. given a normal distribution a standard deviation of 15 means that 68% of all people will score with in one SD and 95% will score within two SD

Front 59

Verbal IQ (VIQ)

Back 59

measures verbal comprehension and perceptual organization

Front 60

PIQ non-verbal IQ

Back 60

Measures Processing speed and working memory

Front 61

General intelligence (g) factor

Back 61

found from combining scores from PIQ and VIQ- G is a combinatorial generalized representation of all of these specific capacities or abilities

Front 62

the Flynn effect

Back 62

clear evidence that some environmental factor operates on IQ scores since these changes are too rapid to reflect genetic change in the higher scores

Front 63

Heritability of IQ scores and twin studies

Back 63

some level of heritability because twins raised apart deomstrated a similarity of scores

Front 64

Environmental factors and IQ scores

Back 64

As demonstrated by Flynn, people can improve their scores over generations to quickly to be effected by evolution meaning some level of environmental influence