Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
PCA (principle componants analysis)objectives
|
two- or three-dimensional plots representing genetic distance adding a third demension
|
|
|
Advantages of PCA in genetic analysis
|
the ability to add a "z" dimention and evaluate more than two variables
|
|
|
% variance explained by factor (component) loadings
|
tells the percentage of genetic variation caused by a specific factor- which genes are causing what variation
|
|
|
factor loadings
|
reflect the strength of the correlation of each variable on its respective principal componant
|
|
|
Graphing PC factor scores
|
creates a third deminsion "Z" points in 3D space maps out the relationship in distance
|
|
|
Limitations to PCA
|
only so many variables can be explained before the information becomes confused
|
|
|
Global climate data and PCA patterns
|
95% of varience explained by climate with the biggest percentage at climate, but most variation appears to be neutral
|
|
|
Global genetic data and PCA patterns
|
oldest populations will accumulate the most genetic variation-- Africa consistant with the out of Africa theory
|
|
|
Objective of Clustering analysis
|
makes groupings of populations based on their overal similarity to each other depends ongenetic similarity to other groups as well
|
|
|
advantages of tree structure
|
multivariate patterning
based on heirarchical patterns similarities and differences based on average pair-wise differences in traits |
|
|
Topology
|
the branching difines different relationships with similar beginings
|
|
|
Branch lengths
|
shorter or longer tells the relationship between groups similarities or differences
|
|
|
Global gene Tree Patterns (nDNA)
|
The time of divergence from evolutionary line and genetic variation
|
|
|
Global gene Tree patterns (mtDNA)
|
broad scale regional differences are robust but with in group variation is considerable
|
|
|
Bergmann's Rule
|
with in endothermic species average body mass increases with lat and colder climates
|
|
|
Allen's Rule
|
with in endothermic species average with latitudinal and colder climate
|
|
|
environmental Stress
|
can cause different forms of plastic responses or evolutionary adaptive change
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
maintains internal equilibrium through physiological processes
|
|
|
Body Weight
|
the moist crucial driving mechanism between it and stature
|
|
|
Body weight and skin surface area
|
smaller skin surface to volume ratio which means less loss of heat in cold environments
|
|
|
Body weight, stature & partial r
|
stature is a component of body weight and body weight is more highly correlated with temperature than temperature is
|
|
|
Cylindrical Model
|
Ruff--changes in height have no effect on surface area/mass, while changes in breadth always affect surface area/mass
|
|
|
Cold, basal metabolic rate & food intake
|
cold temperatures allow for higher storage capability of energy meaning fat so there is a slower metabalization of food
|
|
|
bi-iliac breadth
|
the higher the latitude the wider the breadth-- connected with Ruff's model
|
|
|
Correlation (r)
|
Correlation coefficient = strength of data association-- the tightness of the data points around the best fit line
|
|
|
R squared
|
coefficient of determination the amount of variation in y explained by x good to be higher than .5--the prediction of the y variable according to x
|
|
|
ECV measurments
|
max cranial length
max cranial breadth max cranial height |
|
|
cephalic index
|
measurements of relative head width breadth/lengthx100
|
|
|
ECV: Breadth, height, length contributions
|
breadth contributes the most cc-- variation in size has to do with breadth-- rounder heads in cold environments minimizes heat loss
|
|
|
ECV & Latitude
|
gets large the higher the latitude is.
|
|
|
Ecv and Climate
|
brainsize is a secondary effect of climate and body size rounder heads in cold environments minimizes heat loss
|
|
|
ECV and Bergmann's Rule
|
Rounder heads in cold environments minimizes heat loss
|
|
|
New world v old world
|
new world has a steeper cline than old world
|
|
|
recent human sex dimorphism
|
females smaller than males
|
|
|
ECV and body size correction
|
brain size is a secondary effect of climate and body size it is a secular trend that has predictable changes in body size but the temp. doesn't really change
|
|
|
ECV ranges v. Standard Deviations
|
while females start with smaller numbers the SD of males and females is about the same
|
|
|
Altiplano and Himalayan highlands
|
Highland areas with highly adapted populations
|
|
|
Barometric pressure and altitude
|
barometric pressure decreases as altitude increases causing a decrease in percentage of arterial oxygen saturation
|
|
|
Arterial oxygen saturation and altitude
|
significantly drops after 30,000 feet above sea level non linear
|
|
|
other environmental stressors connected with high altitude
|
wind, cold, dry air
|
|
|
Hypoxia
|
drop in the ability to provide red blood cells to where it needs to go
|
|
|
fertility and altitude
|
drop off in fertility at high altitudes high correlation Peruvian provences
|
|
|
Infant mortality and altitude
|
high in children under 5 upper respiratory infection
|
|
|
acclimation
|
short term physiological changes that occur quickly after exposer to a stressor (Sweating)
|
|
|
Acclimatization
|
physiological changes that occur over a long period of time (increase in red blood cells when going to high altitude)
|
|
|
developmental acclimatization
|
physiological changes that occur during the childhood development phase
|
|
|
Developmental plasticity
|
the possible variation that can occur without genetic mutation changed by the environment capacity to respond physically or developmentally
|
|
|
Adaption through natural selection
|
change in traits across generations,genetic transmission of traits,high fitness traits, high selective coefficients of traits
|
|
|
Stature, chest circumference and altitude
|
circumference is greater in high altitude populations, AP enlargement, elongates sternum dramatically, consistent with the cylindrical model
|
|
|
Limb length and altitude
|
Stature is significantly shorter in high altitude population in all ages
|
|
|
Nasal Index
|
NI= nose breadth/nose height x 100 broad v. narrow nose
|
|
|
absolute Humidity
|
the actual amount of moisture in the air
|
|
|
relative humidity
|
the amount of moisture the air can hold
|
|
|
nasal mucosa and respiratory function
|
breath in moisten and heat the air and the tissue recaptures the heat and moisture on the way out
|
|
|
nasal index and nasal projection
|
the change is in the upper nose not the bottom
|
|
|
nose form and overall face shape
|
nasal breadth is not as variable as nasal height
|
|
|
sexual dimorphism in nasofacial size and shape
|
no sexual diamorphism in cranial facial shape
|
|
|
nose form and convergent evolution
|
the upper internal nose relects the outer nose
|
|
|
nose shape and size
|
size free log shape variables LOG 1V - geometric mean = LOG shape VI -size doesn't add in
|
|
|
Within-group variation & centroid distance
|
there is more in group variation than there is compared out side group
|
|
|
Africa & effective population size
|
is much more diverse and any other population
|
|
|
Howell's cranial data set
|
57 clear measurements with 28 regional samples in situ occupation wide geographical representation
|
|
|
cranial trees
|
Africa and Australia are grouped separately Asia new world Europe-original core geographic groups
|
|
|
gene trees
|
cranio tree result is clustered differently than the gene tree possible environmental issues- after it is adjust the effective pop size for africa they are identical
|
|
|
removing climatic effects on cranial form
|
describes how traits behave under neutral evolution
|
|
|
positive and negative assortative mating
|
mate with people like themselves or with people not like themselves
|
|
|
Heterogeneity:humans vs. mammals
|
compared to large bodied mammals there is less variability
|
|
|
Heterogeneity: Human vs. Chimpanzees
|
humans are less genetically variable as compared with chimps in within group variability larger human populations that chimps
|
|
|
heterogeneity: implications for gene history
|
A sever bottle neck or humans have a much younger history than chimps
|
|
|
language classifications
|
language families follow genetic families
|
|
|
geographic distance
|
population and language difference due to the geographical difference--expansion out of Africa
|
|
|
Demic expansion
|
eventually a popuill out strip the environment and will have to move or die fewer people more resources repetes over and over again and gene flow begins with the moving populations
|
|
|
Neutral Traits
|
non plastic not changed by environment
|
|
|
History of North American Slave trade
|
western Africa most went to south america brought to carolinas
|
|
|
Neolithic Revolution
|
Farming
|
|
|
European expansion and colonization
|
moved in to africa spreading genes in a unidirection flow white males to african females
|
|
|
Epidemiological transition
|
better health care less infection
|
|
|
arithmetic v. exponential population growth
|
exponential population growth stared with the industrial revolution
|
|
|
future demographic trends
|
continued population growth
|
|
|
Life expectancy evolution
|
Women live longer than men, and the age is getting higher and higher without plateau
|
|
|
secular changes in height
|
growth changes in a few generation and reflects changing environmental conditions especially nutrition: increase in protein milk products and diminishing cyclical starvation
|
|
|
Secular changes in growth: menarche
|
related to diet, substantial age decrease, increases reproductive potential--plateau's at a certain age however
|
|
|
shifts in leading causes of death
|
with the epidemiology revolution deaths shift from infectious disease to heart disease, cancer
|
|
|
U.S. obesity trends 1985-2006
|
not uniform ally distributed but a growing number nationwide led by specific states (Alabama)
|
|
|
new World Syndrom
|
an adaptive strategy for those crossing the Bering Strait to store food. Now causing wide spread obesity and diabetes in very young individuals
|
|
|
Geographical origins of U.S. African Americans
|
West Africa
|
|
|
N. American Slave Trade beginnings
|
Started most heavily in the carolina's
|
|
|
Peak period of slave trade
|
1800's
|
|
|
peak of Euroamerican admixture
|
The 1800's
|
|
|
Census counts of admixture
|
Not until 1850
|
|
|
allele estimates of admixture
|
average admixture at 15%
|
|
|
African Americans as morphological African proxies
|
The groups are significantly different from one another
|
|
|
Perturbed populations and natural selection
|
African americans are an example of a climatically porturved population...moved from tropic to temperate do the insides reflect that
|
|
|
Nasal surface area (SA) to volume (V) ratio
|
the tool used to compare african american populations to african populations
|
|
|
Franciscus & Foster admixture study
|
relative % of closeness of allele frequencies to West Coast Africa reflect ancestry with africa with average admixture of 15% must fix for admixture
|
|
|
Discriminant function (DF) analysis
|
tries to find a threshold that takes out people that do not belong in the sample, minimized the number of people misclassified,maximized the differences
|
|
|
DF results for African-American sample
|
highly validated classificatory result, proved a level of admixture...must used africans to study africans
|
|
|
Log vs. Log shape results
|
Derivation of size free log shape variables
must get rid of size to accurately figure out stuff |
|
|
Nasal indices and latitude
|
Higher the latitude the more narrow the nose
|
|
|
Nasal indices and climate
|
wide = humid
narrow= dry |
|
|
intrinsic variation in nasal breadth and height
|
CV=SD x 100-cv coefficient of variation
|
