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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dissected Kidney
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-renal capsule
-renal cortex -renal (medullary) pyramids -renal columns -renal pelvis -ureter |
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Mammalian Lung (histology)
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-an alveolus with simple squamous epithelium lining alveolar walls
-bronchioles |
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Mammalian Trachea (histology)
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--lumen
-hyaline cartilage -pseudostratified epithelium -Goblet cell |
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Stomach (histology)
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-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
-gastric pits -mucosa with simple columnar epithelium & lamina propria |
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Small Intestine (histology)
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-4 tunics (with circular & longitudinal m)
-villi -intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) -simple columnar epithelium |
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Colon (histology)
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-4 tunics
-intestinal glands -simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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Liver (histology)
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-lobules with hepatocytes
-central vein -portal triad area |
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Tongue (histology)
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-taste buds located in epithelium
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Esophagus (histology)
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non-keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium
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Ureter (histology)
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-lumen
-transitional epithelium lining lumen -smooth muscle layers surrounding ureter -adipose tissue |
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Cross Section of Testis (histology)
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-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial cells -developing sperm |
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Cross Section of Ovary (histology)
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-primary follicles (one or two layers of granulosa cells)
-secondary follicles (fluid-filled space forming) -vesicular (Graafian) follicles with large antrum & oocyte -corpus letuem |
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Pneumonia
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-acute inflammation of alveoli
-certain microbes enter lungs & release toxins that stimulate inflammation -inflammation causes leakage & cellular accumulation preventing normal gas exchange |
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Tuberculosis
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-infectious disease caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis
-immune system walls form tubercles to prevent spread of bacterium -Symptoms include coughing, fever, weight loss, and spitting up blood |
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inspiratory muscles
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-diaphragm
-external intercostals |
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expiratory muscles
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-inspiratory muscles relax
-pressure increases in thoracic cavity pushing air out of lungs |
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Tidal Volume
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amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (~500 mL)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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-amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (~3100 mL)
IRV = VC - (TV + ERV) |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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-amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (~1200 mL)
-dramatically reduced in conditions in which elasticity of lungs is decreased such as in emphysema -expiration requires energy and is physically exhausting |
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Vital Capacity
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-maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (~4800 mL)
VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
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Minute Respiratory Volume
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MRV = TV x respirations/min
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Residual Volume
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-resp. volume that cannot be determined experimentally
-amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiratory effort (~1200 mL) Predicted RV = VC x Age Factor (Age Factor --> .25 for ages 16-34) |
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Male & Female VC calculations
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Male VC = (0.052)H - (0.022)A - 3.60
Female VC = (0.041)H - (0.018)A - 2.69 can be 20% higher or lesser than calculated prediction |
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Pulmonary Function Tests
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-help clinician distinguish between obstructive (airway resistance increased) & restrictive (lung capacity declines) pulmonary diseases
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Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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-asthma or emphysema
-airway restriction reduces airflow into and out of lungs |
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Restrictive Pulmonary Disease
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-person's ability to inflate & deflate lungs is reduced
-polio & tuberculosis |
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Forced Expiratory Volume
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-test in which a limit is placed on the length of time a subject has to expel vital capacity
-FEV1, FEV2, FEV3 --> percentage that can be forcibly expelled after a max inhalation in period of 1, 2, & 3 seconds |
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FEV1, FEV2, & FEV3 normal values
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FEV1 --> 66-83%
FEV2 --> 75-94% FEV3 --> 78-97% -test able to diagnose asthma |
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Bronchial Sounds
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-produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea & bronchii)
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Vesicular Breathing Sounds
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-result from air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound of a rustling breeze
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Rales
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-rasping sound caused by disease resp. tissue, mucus, or pus
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Triangle of Auscultation
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-small depressed area of the back where the muscles fail to cover the rib cage
-located just medial to the inferior part of the scapula |
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blood composition depends on...
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1) diet
2) cellular metabolism 3) urinary output |
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24 hour kidney filtration
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-1 million nephrons
-150-180 L of blood plasma -selective tubular reabsorption & secretion -produce 1 -1.8 L of urine |
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Urine
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-yellow color due to urochrome, a pigment metabolite arising from body's destruction of hemoglobin
-pH ranges from 4.5 - 8 (average 6.0 --> slightly acidic) -protein increases acidity of urine -vegetarianism produces alkaline urine |
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Specific Gravity
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-relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
-distilled water = 1.000 (1 mL weighs 1 g) -Urine ranges from (1.001 to 1.030) |
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Diruetics
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-excrete more water
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Pyelonephritis
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kidney inflammation --> causes conc. urine
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Kidney Stones
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-result from excessively concentrated urine
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Normal constituents of urine
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-water
-urea -sodium -potassium -phosphate -sulfate ions -creatinine -uric acid -small amounts of calcium, magnesium & bicarbonate may be found |
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Most important Nitrogenous Wastes in urine
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-urea --> end product of protein breakdown
-uric acid --> metabolite of nucleic acid breakdown -creatinine --> associated with muscle metabolism of creatine phosphate |
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Glycosuria
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-presence of glucose in urine
-indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels -diabetes mellitus --> pathological condition where body cannot absorb glucose due to inadequate amounts of insulin |
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Albuminuria
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-presence of albumin in urine (abnormal)
-cause by kidney damage, ingestion of heavy metals, bacterial toxins, and hypertension |
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Ketonuria
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-presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in urine
-may result in acidosis -expected during starvation, when inadequate food intake forces body to use fat stores -also generally diagnostic for diabetes mellitus |
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Hematuria
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-presence of red blood cells in urine
-indicates pathology of urinary tract -damage could be caused by kidney stones |
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Hemoglobinuria
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-presence of hemoglobin in urine as a result of fragmentation of red blood cells
-indicates various pathologic conditions including hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns, or renal disease |
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Bilirubinuria
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-presence of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine
-indicates liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis |
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Urobilinogen
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-metabolite of bilirubin
-found in small amounts in normal urine |
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Pyuria
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-presence of white blood cells or other pus constituents in urine
-indicates inflammation of urinary tract |
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Casts
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-hardened cell fragments which are flushed out of the urinary tract
-represent pathological conditions of the kidney or urinary tract. |
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Action of diaphragm during inhalation?
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contracting
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What is a bronchoscopy?
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images from a fiber optic camera inside the trachea
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Why does Sammi perform physiotherapy on herself several times a day?
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to move mucous that settles in her lungs to make breathing easier
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How does oxygen in alveoli get into the bloodstream in the lungs? How does carbon dioxide get out of the bloodstream?
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Diffusion from high concentration to low concentration
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What is the genetic problem in the lungs of someone with cystic fibrosis?
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DNA of Sammi's epithelial cells in her lungs secrete a much thicker liquid than they should
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How is progress of cystic fibrosis monitored?
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Peakflow meter tells how badly blocked her lungs are.
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Why do cystic fibrosis patients frequently get bacterial lung infections?
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mucous traps bacteria
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How does Pulmonzyme (a DNAase enzyme) work in cystic fibrosis patients?
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it helps mucous in her lungs liquefy making it easier to couch up by chopping up the DNA
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Controversy over genetic testing for cystic fibrosis?
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there is no cure, so they may not want to know if they are carriers or subject themselves to pointless testing if they have the disease
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Main function of respiratory system?
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bring oxygen into body & remove carbon dioxide
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List anatomical structures that air passes in order from external nares to primary bronchus
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external nares --> nasal cavity--> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> R + L pulmonary bronchi
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What are the two serous membranes surrounding each lung?
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-parietal pleura (outside)
-visceral pleura (inside) |
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Function of Pleural Fluid?
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acts as a lubricant to assist in breathing
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Path of Bronchial Tree?
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Primary Bronchus --> Secondary Bronchus --> Tertiary Bronchus --> Bronchioles --> Terminal Bronchioles --> Respiratory Zone
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Bronchioles different from other structures of bronchiole tree?
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-lack cartilage
-have smooth muscle in walls |
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Conducting Zone
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terminal bronchioles
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Respiratory Zone?
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contains alveoli; tiny thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs
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Vessels carry blood from heart to lungs?
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pulmonary arteries
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Vessels carry blood from lungs to heart?
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pulmonary veins
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3 cell types in alveoli?
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1) simple squamous epithelium
2) alveolar macrophages 3) surfactant secreting cells |
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Surfactant
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reduces surface tension by reducing attraction of water molecules in alveolar fluid
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Respiratory membrane?
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-simple squamous epithelium of alveoli
-alveolar basement membrane -capillary basement membrane -simple squamous epithelium of capillaries |
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Ventilation?
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exchange of air between atmosphere & lungs
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Boyle's Law?
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pressure of gas inversely proportional to the volume of its container
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muscles of deep inspiration?
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sternocleidomastoid & scalenes
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muscles of deep expiration?
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internal intercostal, external oblique, rectus abdominis, rectus abdominis, internal oblique
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interpulmonary pressure?
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pressure within alveoli (normally ~760mm Hg)
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intrapleural pressure?
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pressure within pleural cavity (normally ~756; always negative to atmosphere)
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Punctured pleural cavity?
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pneumothorax; lung collapse
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Transpulmonary pressure?
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interpleural pressure
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air flow and resistance relationship?
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Air Flow = Pressure/Resistance
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Parasympathetic (Acetylcholine) stimulation on airflow?
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-bronchioles constict
-airflow decreases |
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Histamine Application on airflow?
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-bronchioles constrict
-decreases airflow |
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Sympathetic (Epinephrine) stimulation on airflow?
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-bronchioles dilate
-increases airflow |
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lung compliance?
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ease with which lungs expand
-affected by stretchability of elastic fibers in lungs -surface tension in alveoli |
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respiratory distress syndrome
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-usually infants lungs
-don't produce surfactant --> lungs have low compliance due to high surface tension -difficult to breathe |
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Peristalsis?
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waves of muscular contraction
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where does protein digestion begin?
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stomach
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what two organs release secretions into the small intestine to aid in digestion of lipids?
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liver & pancreas
-bile-->emulsify fat into smaller droplets -pancreatic enzymes-->break down fat |
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Where are lipids absorbed?
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lacteals in villi of small intestine
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BMR
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-amount of energy used at rest
(~6000 kJ) |
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Major sites of fat deposit?
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females --> hips
males --> waist |
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Functions of fat?
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insulation, energy, & protection
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eggs at birth?
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about 500,000
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cells self-replicate?
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mitosis
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chromosomes in egg?
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23
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ovulation
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process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum
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fertilization takes place?
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usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
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function of fimbria?
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gentle sweeping motion to carry ovum into fallopian tube
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egg survive?
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12-24 hours
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Sertoli (nurse) cells
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Because its main function is to nurture the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis,
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ideal temp for sperm to develop?
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2 degrees below body temp
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sperm parts?
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head, midpiece, tail
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how long can sperm live inside woman's body?
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7 days
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when considered fetus?
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about 8 weeks after fert
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earliest fetus can survive?
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20 weeks
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