Human Structure & Function Ii Lab - Exam Ii

Front 1

What are the differences between blood in the right side of the heart versus the left side of the heart?

Back 1

Blood on the right side is deoxygenated, while blood on the left side is oxygenated

Front 2

In general, where does blood go that is pumped from the right side of the heart?

Back 2

Lungs

Front 3

In general, where does blood go that is pumped from the left side of the heart?

Back 3

Body

Front 4

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Back 4

the vessels that take blood from the heart to the lungs & back to the left atrium

Front 5

What is the systemic circuit?

Back 5

supplies the body with oxygenated blood

Front 6

What 3 structures are present on a histological slide of cardiac muscle?

Back 6

1) nucleus
2) intercalated discs
3) cardiacmyofibril

Front 7

What 2 types of junctions are present in an intercalated disc?

Back 7

gap junctions & desmosomes

Front 8

What is the function of the desmosomes?

Back 8

anchoring junctions hold heart together

Front 9

What is the functin of the gap junctions?

Back 9

allow an impulse in one cell to be transmitted to other cells

Front 10

Visceral Pericardium

Back 10

aka epicardium
-forms the outer surface of the heart

Front 11

QRS Complex

Back 11

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

Front 12

What is the term used to describe force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels?

Back 12

Blood Pressure

Front 13

In what units is blood pressure expressed?

Back 13

mm Hg

Front 14

What is laminar flow in a blood vessel?

Back 14

Blood cells in the center of the vessel flow faster than those near the wall

Front 15

What is a pulse?

Back 15

A pressure wave that starts in the heart & moves throughout the arteries

Front 16

What is systolic pressure and what causes it?

Back 16

The maximum pressure exerted by blood against arteriole walls. It is a result of ventricular systole (contraction).

Front 17

What is a typical value for systolic pressure?

Back 17

120 mm Hg

Front 18

What does the dicrotic notch represent?

Back 18

the interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when the ventricles relax.

Front 19

What is diastolic pressure and what causes it?

Back 19

Lowest pressure in arteries caused by ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Front 20

What is a typical value for diastolic pressure?

Back 20

80 mm Hg

Front 21

What is pulse pressure?

Back 21

The difference between systolic & diastolic pressure. It is the throb felt when taking a pulse.

Front 22

What would a normal pulse pressure value be?

Back 22

40 mm Hg
(Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure --> 120 - 80 = 40 mm Hg)

Front 23

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?

Back 23

MAP = Diastolic Pressure + (1/3)Pulse Pressure

Front 24

What is the significance of MAP?

Back 24

Force that propels blood to the tissue throughout the cardiac cycle. It is the "calculated average" pressure since diastole lasts longer than systole.

Front 25

What do the sounds correspond to when taking a blood pressure?

Back 25

When the pressure of the cuff allows for blood flow through the artery, but the compressed artery has a turbulent blood flow. The turbulence causes the sound that can be heard.

Front 26

Murmur

Back 26

abnormal heart sounds often caused by a valvular problem

Front 27

Pulse

Back 27

the term pulse refers to the alternating surges of pressure (expansion & recoil) in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle (average 70 to 76 beats per minute)

Front 28

Places to take pulse?

Back 28

1) Common Carotid Artery (neck)
2) Radial Artery (wrist)
3) Femoral Artery (groin)

Front 29

Apical Pulse

Back 29

-the actual number of heartbeats
-may be slightly faster than radial pulse because of a slight lag in blood getting to areas where it can be palpated

Front 30

Pulse Deficit

Back 30

Apical Pulse - Radial Pulse
-large difference may indicate cardiac impairment --> a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood into the arterial tree to a normal extent)

Front 31

Sphygmomanometer

Back 31

blood pressure cuff

Front 32

sounds of Korotkoff

Back 32

The pressure at which the first soft tapping can be heard is recorded as the systolic pressure. As the pressure is gradually released, the sounds continue due to turbulence. When the artery is no longer compressed, blood flows freely and no sound is heard --> recorded as systolic pressure.

Front 33

intrinsic stimulation

Back 33

-the internal stimulation that makes the heart beat by itself
-caused by specialized, noncontractile cells called autorythmic cells

Front 34

extrinsic stimulation

Back 34

-the autonomic nervous system and hormones
-only increase or decrease the intrinsic pace

Front 35

Electrocardiogram

Back 35

chart recording of the electrical events that occur before each heartbeat

Front 36

P-wave

Back 36

-first wave
-small, curved upward deflection
-represents atrial depolarization that spreads from the SA node just before the atria contract

Front 37

QRS Complex

Back 37

-short downward deflection (Q)
-tall upward deflection (R)
-medium downward deflection (S)
represents ventricular depolarization that spreads from the AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches and to the Purkinje Fibers (conduction) fibers just before the ventricles contract
-Atrial repolarization also occurs

Front 38

T-wave

Back 38

-medium, curved upward deflection
-represents ventricular depolarization and occurs just before the ventricle relaxes

Front 39

P-Q interval

Back 39

-the interval between the beginning of the P wave until the beginning of the Q (in the QRS wave)
-represents the time it takes for the electrical conduction to travel through the atria and AV node to the Purkinje Fibers

Front 40

S-T segment

Back 40

-the segment from the end of the S (in the QRS complex) to the beginning of the T wave
-it represents the time the ventricular fibers are fully depolarized

Front 41

Q-T interval

Back 41

-the interval that begins at the Q (in the QRS wave) to the end of the T wave
-it represents the time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization until the end of ventricular repolarization

Front 42

Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)

Back 42

60-100 beats/min

Front 43

Tachycardia

Back 43

-sustained heart rate above 100 beats/min

Front 44

Bradycardia

Back 44

-sustained heart rate below 60 beats/min

Front 45

Fibrillation

Back 45

-rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that do not pump blood
-caused by prolonged tachycardia

Front 46

Squares on EKG represent how much time?

Back 46

0.04 seconds

Front 47

Calculate Cardiac Cycle from EKG?

Back 47

60/[(# squares)(0.04 sec)]

Front 48

P-Q interval time

Back 48

-about 0.16 seconds (between 0.12 to 0.20 seconds)

Front 49

QRS complex time

Back 49

0.06 to 0.10 seconds

Front 50

Q-T interval

Back 50

0.3 to 0.38 seconds
-becomes longer as heart rate decreases

Front 51

Myocardial ischemia

Back 51

Myocardial damage

Front 52

Heart Block

Back 52

could produce cardiac damage to the AV mode or AV bundle, reducing electrical conduction from the atria to the ventricles

Front 53

Complete Heart Block

Back 53

results in the ventricles depolarizing independently from the atria

Front 54

Right or Left Bundle Branch Block

Back 54

-if QRS complex is longer than 0.12 seconds
-the two ventricles do not contract simultaneously

Front 55

Mean Electrical Axis

Back 55

-corresponds to the average direction of depolarization as the impulses spread into the ventricles
-Average = +59 degrees
-significant deviations from the normal axis may be produced by specific heart disorders