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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Australopithecines
- South African australopithecines: |
- Australopithecus africanus (Taung, Mrs. Ples)
- Australopithecus robustus - Australopithecus boisei - Australopithecus aethiopicus (Black Skull) - Australopithecus garhi |
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Trends in hominid evolution:
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increasing encephalization and decreasing dentition
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H. habilis -
Distribution of across Africa? When first discovered and by whom? What does the name mean? Type of tools used? Famous specimens? What did the postcranial remains suggest? |
Homo habilis: 2.4 – 1.6 Mya
Widely Distributed: Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa H. Habilis discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Louis Leakey Used Olduwan tools. Famous specimens: OH 24 “Twiggy”, OH 7 What did the postcranial remains suggest? That they had longer arms, shorter legs than humans and still spent some of their time in trees. |
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Australopithecines
- South African australopithecines: |
- Australopithecus africanus (Taung, Mrs. Ples)
- Australopithecus robustus - Australopithecus boisei - Australopithecus aethiopicus (Black Skull) - Australopithecus garhi |
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Trends in hominid evolution:
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increasing encephalization and decreasing dentition
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H. habilis -
Distribution of across Africa? When first discovered and by whom? What does the name mean? Type of tools used? Famous specimens? What did the postcranial remains suggest? |
Homo habilis: 2.4 – 1.6 Mya
Widely Distributed: Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa H. Habilis discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Louis Leakey Used Olduwan tools. Famous specimens: OH 24 “Twiggy”, OH 7 What did the postcranial remains suggest? That they had longer arms, shorter legs than humans and still spent some of their time in trees. |
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H. Rudolfensis
Who found it, when, and where? Debate surrounding H. rudolfensis vs. H. habilis |
Richard Leakey in Koobi Fora, Kenya - east side of lake Turkana
Specimen number KNMER 1470. Cranial capacity of 775 cc. H. rudolfensis vs H. habilis -Much debated topic -Similar age (about 2 mya) -Similar distribution -Both originated = 2 mya -H. rudolfensis brain size much larger -Facial and teeth measurements differ The same species or separate species? |
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General trends in early Homo development
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-culture becomes increasingly important over time
-tools use becomes critical to survival -more meat and wider variety of plant foods -Dietary plasticity improves chance of survival |
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H. erectus
Homo erectus Where is this species distributed? |
-First discover by Eugene Dubois in Java, 1891
-Later found in China, Republic of Georgia, Europe, and throughout Africa |
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KNM-WT 15000 - "Turkana Boy"
Features of it and why Turkana boy is so significant a specimen: |
-most complete early human skeleton ever found
-found in 1984 by R. Leakey. -6ft in height as adult -Tall and thin frame is an addition for hot environment |
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Asia:
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=First species to leave Africa into Europe and Asia
=Dates from 1.8 mya – 200,000 =First hominid adapted to both tropical and temperate climates =Average brain size over 1000 cc |
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Dmnisi, Georgia:
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* Most ancient undisputed human fossils outside of Africa
• Republic of Georgia • Evidence of early H. erectus from approx. 1.75 mya • MNI = 20 • One fairly complete skull, one large, mandible, and two partial skulls |
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Eugene Dubois and Java Man
Dates of discovery, initial name of the species |
• Named it “Pithecanthropus erectus” later renamed H. Erectus
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Zhoukoudian–Dragon Bone Hill:
Who? Where is it and when was it occupied? Dates for and details of the H. erectus occupation of the site |
Beijing, China
First excavated in 1921 and 1923 Davidson Black and Franz Weidenreich • The site was occupied over 200,000 years (600-400 kya) • Skeletal remains representing upward of 40 male and fmale adults and children • Charred bits of wood and bone indicate controlled use of fire |
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Gran Dolina, Spain fossils
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• Stone tools, animal remains, hominid fossils
• MNI = 6, incl. a male juvenile cranium • Stone-tool cut marks on animal and hominid fossils suggest cannibalism! |
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Ceprano,Italy - Dates?
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Ceprano (800 KYA) are H. erectus
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H. Heidelbergensis
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H. heidelbergensis
Time frame: 800,000-100,000 years ago Height and weight essentially modern Average brain size: 1,280 cc Found across Africa, Asia , Europe and exhibit highly variable morphologic traits |
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General H. erectus features:
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Cranial features: pronounced brow ridge, low forehead and long, low brain case.
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Know the features of H. erectus “cultural firsts”
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• First to reach a 1000 cc brain (Avg. = 950 cc)
• First evidence for simple shelters Earliest occupation of cave sites • Widespread evidence for controlled use of fire – possibly as early as 700 KYA • Specialized stone tools and other tools represent increased dependence on culture to hunt and survive. |
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The Mauer Jaw—where and when was it recovered? How old is it?
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500 kya
1907, Mauer sand pits Germany General features of Mauer: massive mandible -- both primitive (robust) & derived teeth (small molars) |
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General features of H. heidelbergensis
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• Height and weight essentially modern
• 1,280 cc • Africa, Asia, Europe – Highly variable morphologic traits |
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Atapuerca:
Age? Details? |
• H. heidelbergensis site from 400 kya
• Dozens of individuals recovered from a cave shaft where they apparently were intentionally deposited |
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H. neanderthalensis
Dates the species lived and geographic range Where and when was the first specimen recovered? How was the species first viewed by science, and is this view justified? |
• 130,000-24,000 years B.P.
• Primarily Europe but also Middle East and Western Asia • 1st - August 1856. Discovered at the Feldhofer grotto in Neander Valley, Germany. |
