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304 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cybersex
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Online, a real-time event involving two persons who are engaging in sexual talk for the purpose of sexual pleasure
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sexual interests
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our incitements or inclinations to act sexually
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sexual orientation
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the pattern of sexual and emotional attraction based on the gender of one's partner
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heterosexuality
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emotional and sexual attraction between men and women
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homosexuality
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emotional and sexual attraction between persons of the same sex
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bisexuality
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emotional and sexual attraction to both males and females
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transsexual/transgendered
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people whose genitals and/or identities as men or women are discordant
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two-spirit
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in certain regions, a man who assumes female dress, gender role, and status
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normal sexual behavior
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behavior that conforms to a group's average or median patterns of behavior
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sexual variation
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sexual variety and diversity
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sex information/advice genre
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transmits information and norms, rather than images, about sexuality to a mass audience both to inform and entertain in a simplified manner
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objectivity
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the observation of things as they exist in reality as opposed to our feelings or beliefs about them
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value judgments
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evaluations based on moral or ethical standards rather than objective ones
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cultural relativity
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anthropological concept involving the positive or negative appropriateness of any custom or activity that must be evaluated in terms of how it fits in with the culture as a whole
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opinion
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unsubstantiated belief or conclusion about what seems to be true according to our thoughts
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bias
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a personal leaning or inclination
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stereotypes
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a set of simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized beliefs about an individual, a group of people, an idea, and so on
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schema
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a way in which we organize our knowledge in our thought processes
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attitude
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a predisposition a person has to act, think, or feel in certain ways
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casual sex
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sexual interaction with a partner where no other interaction is present
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fallacy
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an error in reasoning that affects our understanding of a subject
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egocentric fallacy
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the mistaken belief that our own personal experience and values generally are held by others
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ethnocentric fallacy/ethnocentrism
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the belief that our own ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others
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ethnicity
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ethnic affiliation or identity
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ethnic group
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a group of people distinct from other groups because of cultural characteristics, such as language, religion, or customs, that are transmitted from one generation to the next
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scientific method
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the method by which hypothesis is formed from impartially garthered data and tested empirically
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induction
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drawing a general conclusion from specific facts
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informed consent
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full disclosure to an individual of the purpose, potential risks, and benefits of participating in a research project
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protection from harm
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each research participant is entitled to this
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random sample
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a sample collected in an unbiased way, with the selection of each member of the sample based solely on chance
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representative sample
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a small group representing the larger group in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, orientation, and so on
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biased sample
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samples not representative of the larger group
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come out
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puplicly identifying oneself as gay, lesbian, or bisexual
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clinical research
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the in-depth examination of an individual or group that comes to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or social worker for assistance with psychological or medical problems or disorders
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pathological behavior
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unhealthy or diseased behavior
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survey research
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a method that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather information
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sexual diary
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a written record of past sexual behaviors
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observational research
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a method by which a researcher unobtrusively observes and makes systematic notes about people's behavior without trying to manipulate it
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participant observation
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the researcher participates in the behavior she or he is studying
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experimental research
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the systematic manipulation of individuals or the environment to learn the effects of such manipulation on behavior
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variables
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aspects or factors that can be manipulated in experiments
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independent variable
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factors that can be manipulated or changed by the experimentor
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dependent variables
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factors that are likely to be affected by the changes in the independent variable
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correlational studies
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measure two or more naturally occurring variables to determine their relationship to each other
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plethysmographs
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devices attached to the genitals to measure physiological response
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strain gauge
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a device resembling a rubber band used to measure physiological genital response in men
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neuroses
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psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension, plaguing the patients of Sigmund Freud
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repression
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a psychological mechanism that kept people from becoming aware of hidden memories and motives because they aroused guilt, prevents such knowledge
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psychoanalysis
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a psychological system that ascribes behavior to unconcious desires
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oral stage
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lasting from birth to age 1, the infant's eroticism is focused on the mouth
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anal stage
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between ages 1 and 3, children's sexual activity is autoerotic, but pleasure area shifts to the anus
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phallic stage
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age 3 through 5, exhibit interest in the genitals
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latency stage
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enter at age 6, sexual impulses are no longer active
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genital stage
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at puberty, become interested in genital sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse
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Oedipal complex
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a boy develops sexual desires for his mother and fears his father, leads to castration anxiety
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castration anxiety
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the boy's belief that the father will cut off his penis because of jealousy
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electra complex
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the girl desiring her father will fear her mother
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penis envy
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upon discovering that she does not have a penis, the girl feels deprived
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feminism
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a movement that involves women and men working together for equality
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social construction
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the development of social categories, such as masculinity, femininity, heterosexuality, homosexuality, by society
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control group
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a group that is not being treated or experimented on
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socioeconomic status
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a person's ranking in society based on a combination of occupational, educational, and income levels
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cultural equivalency perspective
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the view that the attitudes, values, and behaviors of one ethnic group are similar to those of another ethnic group
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machismo
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a positive concept, celebrating the values of courage, strength, generosity, politeness and respect for others
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acculturation
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the process of adaptation of an ethnic group to the values, attitudes, and behaviors of the dominant culture
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familismo
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a commitment to family and family members
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genitals
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sexual and reproductive organs of both men and women
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vulva
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the external female genitals consisting of the mons pubis, the clitoris, the labia majora, and the labia minora
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mons pubis/mons veneris
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the pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone about 6 inches below the navel
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clitoris
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the female sex organ and center of sexual arousal
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clitoral hood
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a fold of skin that covers the glans when the clitoris is not engorged
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glans clitoris
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the tip of the shaft of the clitoris that contains a high concentration of nerve endings
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crura
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the internal shaft of the clitoris that divides into two branches, which are the tips of erectile tissue that attach to the pelvic bone
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corpora cavernosa
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contained in the crura, hollow chambers that fill with blood and swell during arousal
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labia majora
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two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis and enclosing the labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal entrance
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labia minora
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smaller folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris to form the clitoral hood
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vestiblue
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the area enclosed by the labia minora
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Bartholin's gland
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two small ducts located at the vaginal opening, they secrete a small amount of moisture during sexual arousal
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vagina
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the flexible, muscular structure that extends 3-5 inches back and upward from the vaginal opening, also known as the birth canal
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introitus
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the lower third of the vagina where the majority of sensory nerve endings are concentrated
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hymen
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a thin membrane that partially covers the introitus prior to first intercourse
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Granfenburg spot (G-spot)
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an area inside the body and surrounding the urethra, reported to be an erotically sensitive area
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uterus
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a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ held in the pelvic cavity by a number of flexible ligaments and supported by several muscles
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cerivix
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the tapered end of the uterus that acts as the entrance
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endometrium
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the inner lining of the uterine walls filled with tiny blood vessels
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os
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the cervical opening
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ovary
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a gonad that contains the sex cells for reproduction
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gonad
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an organ taht produces gametes
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gametes
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the sex cells containing the genetic material necessary for reproduction
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oocytes
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female gametes, egg/cell
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ova/ovum
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oocytes or eggs
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ovulation
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the release of an oocyte
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ovarian follicles
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a saclike structure where the immature oocytes are embedded
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corpus luteum
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the ruptured follicle after the oocyte emerges
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fallopian tubes
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located at the top of the uterus on either side, 4 inches long, extend to the ovaries, but are not attached
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infundibulum
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the funnel shaped end of the fallopian tubes
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fimbriae
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the fingerlike structures that fan out from the infundibulum which drape over the ovary but don't actually touch it
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cilia
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tiny, hairlike, structures on the fimbriae and ampulla, become active during ovulation
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ampulla
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the widened part of the tube in which fertilization normally occurs
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urethra
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the tube through which urine passes
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urethral opening/meatus
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the opening out which urine passes, located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening
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perineum
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a diamond-shaped region with soft tissue that covers the muscles and ligaments on the pelvic floor
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pevlic floor
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the underside of the pelvic area extending from the top of the pubic bone to the anus
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lasctation
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milk production
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mammary gland
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compose of fatty tissue and 15-25 lobes that radiate around a central protruding nipple
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alveoli
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small glands within the lobes that begin producing milk when signaled to by hormones
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areola
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the area of darkened skin around the nipple
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libido
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sex drive or interest
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gonadotropins
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hormones that act directly on the gonads
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estrogens
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female hormone which affects the maturation of the reproductive organs, menstruation, and pregnancy
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progesterone
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a female hormone which helps to mainatain the uterine lining until menstruation occurs
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oogenesis
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the completion of the process of egg beginning that is triggered at puberty
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ovarian cycle
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the process of egg release which begins at puberty and continues until menopause
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gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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released from the hypothalamus and begins to stimulate the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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along with LH, initiates the follicular phase
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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along with FSH, initiates the follicular phase
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follicular phase
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the first 10 days in which 10 to 20 ovarian follicles begin to grow (98-99% of cases, only one of the follicles will mature completely during this period)
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ovulatory phase
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begins about day 11 of the cycle and culminates with ovulation at about day 14, the primary oocyte undergoes cell division and becomes ready for ovulation
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Mittelschemrz
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a sharp twinge experienced by some women on one side of the lower abdomen during ovulation
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luteal phase
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typically lasts from day 14 through day 28 of the ovarian cycle, ovarian hormone levels at their lowest, GnRH is released and FSH and LH levels begin to rise
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toxic shock syndrome
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a bacterial infection that can occur in menstruating women and cause a person to go into shock
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menstrual cycle
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a cycle divided into three phases; menstrual, proliterative, and secretory
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menstrual phase
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the shedding of the endometrial tissue, along with mucus, other cervical and vaginal secretions, and a small amount of blood (2-5 ounces per cycle), expelled through the vagina
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menses
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the menstrual flow, occurs over a period of 3-5 days
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menarche
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a females first menstrual cycle
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proliferative phase
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lasts about 9 days, the endometrium thickens in response to increase estrogen, mucus membranes of cervix create clear thin membrane that facilitates the passage of sperm
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secretory phase
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the endometrium begins to prepare for the arrival of a fertilized ovum, glands in uterus enlarge and secrete glycogen, cervical mucus thickens to seal off uterus in event of a pregnancy, if no fertilization happens: endometrial cells begin to die
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menstrual synchrony
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the phenomenon of women who live or work together often report developing similarly timed menstrual cycles, appears to be related to sense of smell(pheromones)
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premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
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a collection of physical, emotional and psychological symptoms that many women experience 7-14 days before their menstrual cycle
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premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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some doctors equate this to PMS, used when a stringent definition of PMS is used and women don't have symptoms severe enough to be labeled PMS
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menorrhagia
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heavy or prolonged bleeding during the menstrual cycle
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dysmennorrhea
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cramps before or during a menstrual cycle that are persistant, aching and serious pain sufficient to limit a woman's activities
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prostaglandins
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high levels of this fatty-acid base that is found throughout the body causes dysmennorrhea
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amenorrhea
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when women do not menstruate for reasons other than aging
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sexual response cycles
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the sequence of changes and patterns that take place in the body during sexual arousal
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Masters and Johnson's four-phase model of sexual response
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identifies the significant stages of response as excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Kaplan's triphasic model of sexual response
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includes the desire, excitement, and orgasm phases
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Loulan's sexual response model
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incorporates both the biological and affective components in to a six-stage cycle
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limbic system
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consists of several separate parts, is invovled with emotions and feelings
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erogenous zones
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certain areas of the skin that are highly sensitive to the touch
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pheromones
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a chemical substance that is secreted into the air by many kinds of animals, appears to arouse the libido
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testosterone
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in men, produced mainly in the testses
in women, produced in the adrenal glands and the ovaries |
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oxytocin
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a hormone more commonly associated with contractions during labor, may work synergistically with other sex hormones to produce muscle contractions during orgasm
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vasocongestion
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the concentration of blood in body tissue
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myotonia
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increase muscle tension accompanying the approach of orgasm
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sweating
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one of the first signs of sexual excitement in women which is the moistening of the vaginal walls
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tenting
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during sexual excitement, the inner two thirds of the vagina expands
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sex flush
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a darkening of the skin or rash that temporarily appears as a result of blood rushing to the surface during sexual excitement
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orgasmic platform
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the thickening of the vaginal walls which occurs in the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle
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orgasm
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a peak sensation of intense pleasure that creates an altered state of consciousness and is accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic uterine and anal contractions, myotonia, and a state of well-being and contentment
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penis
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the organ through which both sperm and urine pass in males
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root
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attaches the penis within the pelvic cavity
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shaft
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the body of the penis that hangs free
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glans penis
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an enlarged head that is located at the end of the shaft
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corona
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the rim at the base of the glans
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frenulum
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a triangular area of sensitive skin on the underside of the penis
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foreskin/prepuce
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the sleevelike covering of the glans
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circumcision
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the procedure of surgically removing the foreskin
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smegma
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a cheesy substance produced by several small glands beneath the foreskin
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corpora cavernosa
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the two columns of erectile tissue that extend along the front surface of the shaft of the penis
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corpus spongiosum
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the third parallel column that runs beneath the other two, also forms the glans
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crura
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at the root of the penis, anchors the corpora cavernosa by muscle to the pubic bone
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urethra
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a tube that transports both urine and semen, runs from the bladder, through the spongy body, to the tip of the penis
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urethral bulb
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where the urethra expands and runs from the bladder
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scrotum
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a pouch of skin that holds the two testicles, hangs loosely at the root of the penis
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testicles/testes
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the male reproductive glands or gonads
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spermatic cord
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suspends each testicle, contains nerves, blood vessels and a vas deferens
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seminiferous tubules
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tiny, tightly compressed tubes 1-3 feet long, where sperm is produced
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epididymus
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a comma-shaped structure consisting of a coiled tube about 20 feet long, where sperm finally mature
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vas deferens
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a tube about 18 inches long, extending into the abdominal cavity, over the bladder, and then downward
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ampulla
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where the vas deferens widens into a flask shape
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ejaculatory duct
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what the vas deferens joins with in the prostate gland
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seminal vesicles
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two glands that secrete a fluid that makes up about 60% of the seminal fluid
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prostate gland
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located just below the bladder, produces about 30-35% of the seminal fluid in the ejaculated semen
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Cowper's or bulbourethral glands
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two pea-sized glands connected to the urethra by tiny ducts, secrete a thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation, may help buffer the acidity within the urethra for the sperm
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testosterone
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a steriod hormone synthesized from cholesterol
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secondary sex characteristics
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the changes to parts of the body other than the genitals that indicate sexual maturity
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testosterone replacement therapy
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used to reverse some of the signs of aginging in men, carries a lot of risks
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spermatogenesis
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the production of sperm, an ongoing process
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sperm
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the male gametes
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semen or seminal fluid
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the ejaculated liquid that contains sperm
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homologous structure
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the masculine structures are developed from the same cells in a developing female fetus
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erection
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signal of male arousal, the blood vessels expand, increasing the volume of blood, especially in the corpora cavernosa
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ejaculation
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the process by which semen is forcefully expelled from the man's body
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emission
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contractions of the walls of the tail portion of the epididymis, which sends the sperm into the vas deferens
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ejaculatory inevitability
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the point at which ejaculation must occur even if stimulation ceases
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expulsion
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rapid rhythmic contractions of the urethra, the prostate and the muscles at the base of the penis
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retrograde ejaculation
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the "backward" expulsion of semen into the bladder rather than out of the urethral opening, may be temporary, but if it persists, man should seek medical treatment
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refractory period
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a period following an ejaculation during which men are not capable of having an ejaculation again
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genetic sex
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one's chromosomal and hormonal sex characterstics (XX, XY, etc)
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anatomical sex
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physical sex: gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis, and so on
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assigned gender
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the gender given by others, usually at birth
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gender identity
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the gender a person believes him or herself to be
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gender roles
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the attitudes, behaviors, rights and responsiblities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex
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gender-role stereotype
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a rigidly held, oversimplified, and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave
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gender-role attitude
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refers to the beliefs a person has about him or herself and others regarding appropriate male and female personality traits and activities
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gender-role behavior
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the actual activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or a male
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gender presentation
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either through bodily habits or personality, is what is perceived by others
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gender variation
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deviations from the supposed societal gender norm
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instrumentality
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task oriented (stereotypical masculine trait)
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expressiveness
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emotion-oriented (stereotypical feminine trait)
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sexism
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discrimination against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits
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gender theory
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the theory where a society may be best understood by how it is organized according to gender
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cognitive social learning theory
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derived from behavioral psychology, emphasizes observable events and their consequences, rather than internal feelings and drives
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cognitive development theory
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focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment
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queer theories
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identifies sexuality as a system that can not be understood as gender neutral or by the actions of heterosexual females and females
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sexual double standards
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different standards of behavior and permissiveness
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peers
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ones age-mates
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gender schema
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the cognitive organizations of the world according to gender
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script
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the acts, rules, and expectations associated with a particular role
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androgyny
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flexibility in gender roles and the unique combination of instrumental and expressive traits as influenced by individual differences, situations and stages in the life cycle
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intersexed
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manifested by a variety of conditions under which a person is born with something other than the standard male or female anatomy
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Turner Syndrome
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females that are not XX or XY, appear normal externally but they have no ovaries
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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males with one extra X chromosome, generally masculine appearance but also has some female traits
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Androgen-insensitivity syndrome/testicular feminization
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genetic, inherited condition passed through the X chromosomes, genetic male born with testes, but because of body's inability to absorb testosterone, estrogen influence prevails, generally assigned female gender status at birth
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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a genetic female with ovaries and a vagina developes externally as a male, a result of malfunctioning adrenal glands
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DHT deficiency
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have internal male organs but a clitoris-like penis, undescended testes, a labia-like scrotum, and a closed vaginal cavity, at puberty normal male development occurs
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hypospadias
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the opening of the penis is located somewhere on the underside, glans, or shaft or at the junction of the scrotum, foreskin may form a hood over the top of the glans and there may be a twist in the shaft
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gender identity disorder (GID)
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strong and persistant cross-gender identification and persistant discomfort about one's assigned sex
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transgendered
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has no desire to alter his or her genitals to live in society in a role with which he or she feels comfortable
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psychosexual development
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the psychological aspects of sexuality
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adolescence
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the social and psychological state that occurs between the beginning of puberty and acceptance into full adulthood
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nocturnal emission
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appearance of semen during sleep ("wet dreams")
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homoeroticism
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feelings of sexual attraction to members of the same sex--almost always precedes lesbian or gay activity by several years
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internalized homophobia
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a set of negative attitudes and affects towards homosexuality in other persons and toward same-sex attractions in oneself
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cohabitation
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people of opposite sex sharing living spaces
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domestic partnership
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cohabitaion in a comitted relationship
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serial monogamy
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a succession of marriages, whereby the average marriage now lasts aproximately 7 years
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celibacy
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abstentation from sexual activity--not necessarily a symptom of a problem or a disorder
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asexuality
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the absence of traditional sexual orientation in which there is little or no sexual attraction to males or females
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mania
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obsessive and possessive love, slightest sign of affection brings ecstacy for a short while
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ludus
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playful love, love is a game rather than a deep involvement
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storge
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natural affection, love between long term companions, usually begins with friendship and deepens into love
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agape
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brotherly love, abstract and ideal
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pragma
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practical love, businesslike, use logic to search for a partner
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triangular theory of love
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Robert Sternberg, emphasizes the dynamic quality of love relationships, points on triangle are liking, infatuation, and empty love
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liking
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intimacy only
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infatuation
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passion only
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romantic love
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intimacy and passion
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companionate love
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intimacy and commitment
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fatuous love
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passion and commitment
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consummate love
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intimacy, passion and commitment
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empty love
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decision/commitment only
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nonlove
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absence of commitment, passion or intimacy
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attachment
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a close, enduring emotional bond that finds its roots in infancy
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secure attachment
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adults who find it relatively easy to get close to other people
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anxious/ambivalent attachments
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adults believed that other people did not get close as they themselves wanted, worry that partners didn't really love them or would leave them
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avoidant attachments
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adults who felt discomfort in being close to other people, distrustful and fearful of being dependent
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unrequited love
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love that is not returned
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open marriage
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parnters mutually agree to allow sexual contact with others
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swinger/polyamorist
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terms used to describe people in open marriages
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intimate love
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the kind of love that lasts
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commitment
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an important component of intimate love, reflects a determination to continue a relationship or marriage in the face of bad times as well as good
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caring
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involves the making of another person's needs as important as your own
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self-disclosure
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the revelation of personal information that others would not ordinarily know because of its riskiness
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communication
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a transactional process by which we use symbols, such as words, gestures, movements, to establish human contact, exchange information, and reinforce or change our own attitudes and behaviors and those of others
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status
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a person's posistion or ranking in a group--is important
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proximity
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nearness in physical space and time, where we sit or stand in relation to another person signifies a level of intimacy
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halo effect
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the assumption that attractive or charismatic people also possess more desirable social characteristics
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self-disclosure
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the process through wich we not only reveal ourselves to others but also find out who we are
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trust
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a belief in the reliability and integrity of a person
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feedback
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the ongoing process of restating, checking the accuracy of, questioning, and clarifying messages
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agreement as a gift
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when one partner freely agrees with the other as a gift
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bargaining
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in a relationship when partners want not the best for themselves, but the most equitable deal for both partners
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coexistence
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when differences can't be resolved, in a sound relationship the differences can be absorbed without undermining the basic ties
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sexual strategies theory
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a theoretical explanation for human mating that addresses gender differences in short-term and long-term heterosexual relationships from an evolutionary mating perspective
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sexual scripts
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plans that organize and give direction to our sexual behavior
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autoeroticism
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consists of sexual activities that involve only the self
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nocturnal orgasm/emission
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orgasms in men and women that occur during sleep
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masturbation
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rubbing, caressing or otherwise stimulating the genitals
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pleasuring
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nongenital touching and caressing, neither partner tries to sexually stimulate the other, simply explore, discovering how their bodies respond to touching
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tribidism
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pressing together of bodies with genital thrusting, "dry humping"
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interfemoral intercourse
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when two women place their pelvic areas together to provied mutual clitoral stimulation, also rubbing the penis between the thighs of a partner
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oral-genital sex
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cunnilingus and fellatio, erotic stimulation of either sexes genitalia with the partner's mouth and tongue
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autofellatio
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when a man provides oral stimulation to their own penis
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sexual intercourse
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penile-vaginal intercourse or insertion, sometimes used to describe penile-anal insertion as well
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tantric sex
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a type of sexual intimacy based on Eastern religious beliefs beginning in India around 5000 BCE, involves the couple sharing energies
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analingus
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the licking of the anal region, also known as "rimming" or "tossing salad"
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anal intercourse
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male's inserting of his erect penis into his partner's anus
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sexual variations
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refers to those behaviors that are not statistically typical of American sexual behaviors
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atypical sexual behavior
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alternate term for sexual variation
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paraphilia
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a mental disorder characterized by recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or sexual behaviors lasting at least 6 mos and involving (1)non-human ojects (2)the suffereing or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (3)children or other nonconsenting people
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exhibitionism
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exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person
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fetishism
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using a nonliving object
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frotteurism
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touching or rubbing one's genitals against a nonconsenting person
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pedophilia
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having sexual activity with a prepubescent child
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sexual masochism
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being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
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sexual sadism
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inflicting psychological or phsyical suffering
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transvestic fetishism
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cross-dressin
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voyeurism
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observing an unsuspecting person who is disrobing or having sex
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telephone scatologia
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making obscene phone calls
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necrophilia
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having sexual activity with corpses
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zoophilia
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having sexual activity with animals (bestiality)
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coprophilia
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being sexually aroused by feces
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klismaphilia
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being sexually aroused in response to enemas
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urophilia
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being sexually aroused in response to urine
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nymphomania
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a pejorative term referring to "abnormal or excessive" sexual desire in a woman and is usually applied to sexually active single women, often defined morally rather than scientifically
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satyriasis
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referring to "abnormal" or "uncontrollable" sexual desire in men, less common than nymphomania because men are expected to be more sexual than women
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domination and submission (D/S) and sadomasochism (S&M)
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consensual acting out of sexual scenes in which one person dominates and the other submits
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bondage and discipline(B&D)
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the most widely known form of S&M, practice in which a person is bound with scarves, leather straps, underwear, handcuffs, chains or other such devices while another stimulates or engages in light to moderate discipline activites such as spanking or whipping
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dominatrix
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a woman specializing in disciplining a person
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partialism
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exclusive attraction to body parts is known as partialism
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transvestism
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wearing the clothing of the other sex, usually for sexual arousal, people considered psychologically disordered are diagnosed as having transvestic fetishism
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autoerotic asphyxia
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links strangulation with masturbation, seek to heighten their masturbatory arousal and orgasm by cutting of the oxygen supply to the brain
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