Human Sexuality Midterm

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sex

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1. the category of male or female
2. sexual feelings and behavior

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intersexed

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having a biological sex that is ambiguous or intermediate between male and female

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gender

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the collection of physiological traits that differ between males and females

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sexuality

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the feelings, behaviors, and identities associated with sex

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identity

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the sense of self, self-labeling, or group affiliation

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gender identity

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a person's subjective sense of being male or female

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transgender

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a person who identifies with the other sex

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transexual

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a person who identifies as the other sex and who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery

transexuals can be male-to-female or female-to-male

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sexual orientation

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the direction of an individual's sexual feelings; sexual attraction towards persons of the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)

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homosexual

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sexually attracted to persons of one's own sex

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bisexual

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sexually attracted to persons of both sexes

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heterosexual

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sexually attracted to persons of the opposite sex

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anatomist

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researcher who studies the structure of the body

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endocrinologist

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researcher who studies hormones or chemical messengers

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reproductive physiologist

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researcher who studies fertility and pregnancy

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neuroscientist

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researcher who studies the nervous system

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geneticist

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researcher who studies the mechanisms of inheritance

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pathologist

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doctor or researcher who studies the diseased body

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microbiologist

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researcher who studies microscopic organisms, especially those that cause disease

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sex therapist

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a person who treats sexual dysfunctions usually by recommending behavioral changes and sexual exercises

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endocrinology

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the study of glands and hormones

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neuropharmacology

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the study of drugs that affect the brain

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sex hormones

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chemical messengers that influence sexual and reproductive processes

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erectile dysfunction

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a persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish a desired sexual behavior such as coitus to orgasm. earlier known as impotence.

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neurotransmitter

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a compound released at a synapse that increases or decreases the excitability of an adjacent neuron

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diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

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a compilation of diagnostic criteria for mental disorders published by the american psychiatric association and updated periodically

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psychology

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the study of mental processes and behavior

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social psychology

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the study of our relationship to others

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psychobiologist

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psychologist who is interested in the biological bases of mental processes and behavior

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cultural psychologist

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researcher who studies the interaction between culture and mental processes or behaviors

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anthropology

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the study of cultural or biological variations across the human race

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fellatio

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sexual contact between the mouth of one person and the penis of another

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evolutionary psychologist

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researcher who studies the influence of evolution on mental processes or behavior

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clinical psychologist

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clinician who assesses or treats mental or behavioral problems

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marriage and family counselor

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therapist who assesses or treats inter-personal problems arising between spouses or other intimate partners

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health psychologist

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person who assesses or treats mental or behavioral difficulties that arise out of physical disease

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sociology

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the scientific study of society

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national health and social life survey (NHSLS)

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a national survey of sexual behavior, relationships, and attitudes in the US, conducted in the early 1990s

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general social survey (GSS)

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long-running periodic survey of the US population run by the national opinion research center

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national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (NSSAL)

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a british survey of sexual behavior, relationships, and attitudes, conducted in the early 1990s

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script theory

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the analysis of sexual and other behaviors as the enactment of socially instilled roles

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ethnography

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the study of a cultural group, often by means of extensive individual field work

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feminism

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the movement to secure equality for women; the study of social and psychological issues from women's perspectives

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socialization

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the effect of social influences, such as family, education, peer groups, and the media on the development of psychological or behavioral traits

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sexology

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the scientific study of sex, especially of sexual dysfunctions

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sex research

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the scientific study of sex

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external genitalia

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the sexual structures on the outside of the body

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vuvla

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the female external genetaila

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mons veneris (mons)

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the front most component of the vuvla: a mound of fatty tissue covering the public symphysis

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pubic hair

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hair that appears on portions of the external genetalia in both sexes at puberty

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labia minora

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the inner lips: hairless, loose folds of skin located between the labia majora and immediately flanking the vestibule

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clitoral hood

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a loose fold of skin that covers the clitoris

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vestibule

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the potential space between the left and right labia minora

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clitoris

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the erectile organ in females whose external portion is located at the junction of the labia minora, just in front of the vestibule

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glans

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the terminal knob of the clitoris or penis

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corpus cavernosum

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either of the two elongated erectile structures within the penis or clitoris, which also extend backward onto the pelvic floor

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corpus spongiosum

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a single midline erectile structure. in both sexes it fills the glans.

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smegma

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a whitish, greasy secretion that builds up under the prepuce of the penis or clitoris

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crus

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internal exension of a corpus cavernosum of the clitoris or penis

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vestibular bulbs

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erectile structures deep to the labia minora, on either side of the vestibule

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ischiocavernosus muscle

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one of the muscles that attaches to the internal portions of the penis and clitoris. it assists with erection and (in men) ejaculation.

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bulbospongiosus muscle

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a muscle that attaches to the base of the penis or clitoris and assists with erection and (in men) ejaculation. in women, the internal portion of the muscle surrounds the introitus

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erection

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the expansion and stiffening of the penis, clitoris, or nipples in response to sexual stimulation or fantasy

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introitus

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the entrance to the vagina, usually covered early in life by the hymen

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hymen

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a membrane, usually perforated or incomplete, that covers the opening of the vagina. it may be ruptured by first coitus or for other reasons.

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urethra

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the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the urethral opening. it also serves for the discharge of semen or female ejaculatory fluids

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bartholin's glands

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glands at the introitus that discharge small amount of fluid during sexual arousal

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perineum

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the region of skin between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

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pelvic floor

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muscular sling that underlies and supports the pelvic organs

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pubococcygeus muscle

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muscles in the pelvic floor that form a sling around the vagina

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reproductive tract

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the internal anatomical structures in either sex that form the pathway taken by gametes or the conceptus

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vagina

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the muscular tube extending 8-10cm from the vestibule to the uterine cervix

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coitus

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penetration of the vagina by the penis

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sexual intercourse

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sexual contact, usually understood to involve coitus

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birth canal

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the canal formed by the uterus, cervix, and vagina, through which the fetus passes during birth

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mucosa

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a surface layer of cells (epithelium) that is lubricated by the secretions of mucous glands

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candidiasis

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a fungal infection, for example, also called thrush or yeast infection

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douche

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to rinse the vagina out with a liquid; the liquid so used

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bacterial vaginosis

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a condition in which the normal microorganisms of the vagina are replaced by anaerobic species, causing discomfort and a fouls smelling discharge

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grafenberg spot (g spot)

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a controversial area of increased erotic sensitivity on or deep within the front wall of the vagina

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paraurethral glands

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glands situated next to the female urethra, thought to be equivalent to the larger prostate gland in males

also known as skene's glands

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anus

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the exit of the gastrointestinal tract

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sphincter

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a circular muscle around an orifice whose contraction closes the orifice

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rectum

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the final, straight portion of the large bowel. it connects to the exterior via the anus

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uterus

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the womb; a pear-shaped region of the female reproductive tract through which sperm are transported and where the conceptus implants and develops

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cervix

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the lowermost, narrow portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina

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os

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the opening in the cervix that connects the lumen of the vagina with the cervical canal

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endometrium

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the internal lining of the uterus

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myometrium

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the muscular layers of the wall of the uterus

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perimetrium

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the outer covering of the uterus

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menstruation

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the breakdown of the endometrium at approximately monthly intervals, with consequent loss of tissue and blood from the vagina

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smooth muscle

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muscular tissue that has nomicroscopic striations. its contraction is usually involuntary and under the control of the autonomic nervous system

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striated muscle

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muscular tissue that has microscopic striations. its contraction is usually under voluntary control.

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pap test

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the microscopic examination of a sample of epithelial cells taken from the cervix or (less commonly) the anus

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pelvic examination

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a visual and digital examination of the vulva and the pelvic organs

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colposcopy

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the examination of the cervix with the aid of an operating microscope

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endometrial cancer

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cancer of the endometrium of the uterus

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hysterectomy

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surgical removal of the uterus, sometimes along with the ovaries and oviducts

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fibroid

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a noncancerous tumor arising from smooth muscle cells of the uterus

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endometriosis

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the growth of endrometrial tissue at abnormal locations

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prolapse

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the slipping out of place of an organ, such as the uterus

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oviduct

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either of two bilateral tubes that lead from the uterus towards the ovaries; the usual site of fertilization. also called the fallopian tube

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cilia

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microscopic, hairlike extensions of cells, often capable of a coordinated beating motion

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fimbria

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a fringe-like set of extensions from the infundibulum of the ovaduct

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pelvic inflammatory disease (pid)

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an infection of the female reproductive tract, often caused by sexually transmitted organisms

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ovary

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the female gonad; the organ that produces ova and secrets steroids

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follicle

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an oocyte with its supporting cells within the ovary

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granulosa cells

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cells within an ovarian follicle that support the oocyte and secrete sex steroids

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thecal cells

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cells located on the periphery of an ovarian follicle that synthesize sex steroids

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antrum

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a cavity that forms in an ovarian follicle as it matures

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ovulation

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the release of an ovum from an ovary

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ovum

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a mature female gamete, prior to or immediately after fertilization

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menarche

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the onset of menstruation at puberty

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ovarian cysts

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cysts within the ovary that can arise from a number of different causes

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polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos)

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a condition marked by excessive secretion of androgens by the ovaries

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mammary glands

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milk-producing glands within the breasts

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secondary sexual characteristics

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anatomical characteristics, such as breasts and facial hair, that generally differ between the sexes but are not used to define and individuals sex

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lobe

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subdivision of a gland or other region

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lobules

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a small subdivision of an organ, such as the breast

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alveolus (pl. alveoli)

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microscopic cavity, such as one of those in the breast where milk is produced

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lactiferous sinuses

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one of the storage areas for milk near the nipple

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areola

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the circular patch of darker skin that surrounds the nipple

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mammography

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radiographic inspection of the breasts

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biopsy

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a tissue sample form a living person for diagnostic or (less commonly) for therapeutic purposes

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tunica albuginea

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a fibrous capsule surrounding the corpora cavernosa

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suspensory ligament

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a ligament that connects the root of the penis to the pubic symphysis

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penile bulb

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an expansion of the corpus spongiosum at the root of the penis

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urethral meatus

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the opening at the tip of the penis (in males) or in front of the vagina (in females)

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fascia

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a tough sheet or sheath of connective tissue

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corona

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the rim of the glans of the penis

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frenulum

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a strip of loose skin on the underside of the penis, running between the glans and the shaft

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balanitis

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inflammation of the glans of the penis

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phimosis

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a tightening of the foreskin, preventing its retraction from the glans

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paraphimosis

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entrapment of the retracted foreskin behind the corona

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peyronie's disease

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pathological curvature of the penis

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scrotum

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the sac behind the penis that contains the testicles

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dartos

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a sheet of smooth muscle underlying the skin of the scrotum, which when contracted causes the skin to become thick and wrinkled

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sperm

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a male gamete, produced in the testes

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testicle or testes

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the male gonad: one of the two glands within the scrotum that produce sperm and secrete sex steroids

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semen

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the fluid, containing sperm and a variety of chemical compounds, that is ejaculated from the penis at male sexual climax

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epididymis

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a structure attached to each testes through which sperm must pass before entering the vas deferens

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spermaic cord

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either of the two bilateral bundles of structures, including the vas deferens, blood vessels, and the cremaster muscle, pass through the inguinal canal to the testes

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inguinal canal

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a short canal passing through the abdominal wall in the region of the groin in males

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cremaster muscle

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a striated muscle that wraps around the spermatic cord and the testes

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vas deferens

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either of the two bilateral ducts that convey sperm from the epididymus to the ejaculatory duct

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seminiferous tubules

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convoluted microscopic tubes within the testis; the site of spermatogenesis

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sertoli cell

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a type of cell within the seminiferous tubules the nurtures developing sperm and secretes hormones

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leydig cells

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cells located between the seminiferous tubules in the testis that secrete steroids

also called intertital cells

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rete testis

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a network of spaces between the testis and the epididymus, through which sperm must pass

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ejaculatory duct

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either of the two bilateral ducts formed by the junction of vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. the ejaculatory ducts empty the urethral within the prostate