Human Sexuality Lecture Part 3

Front 1

4 Categories of sexual disorders

Back 1

Sexual Pain, Arousal, orgasmic, desire

Front 2

sexual pain

Back 2

dyspareunia-- painful intercourse due to internal physical anamoly
vaginismus-- contractions of the vagina from stimulation

Front 3

arousal disorder
female
male

Back 3

female arousal disorder-- lack of response. can be SUBJECTIVE (i don't feel...) or objective (no vaginal lubrication)

male erectile disorder-- inability to maintain or get erection. can be LIFELONG (physiological problem) or aquired (drugs, alcohol, illness, drug side effects, performance anxiety, stress)
Sleep test: strain gauge on penis to see if they have lifelong or acquired E.D.

Front 4

Orgasmic disorders
Female (and Kaplan's study)
Male

Back 4

female-- lifelong and acquired; Kaplan's study shows majority females do NOT experience penile-vaginal orgasm
male--orgasmic disorder and premature ejaculation. problematic definition (thrusts, time, etc?), highly subjective. about 1/4 in past 12 months. Causes= hypersensetive in erogenous zones, performance anxiety, stress, partner pressure

Front 5

Desire disorder

Back 5

inhibited/hypoactive sexual desire, discrepancy of sexual desire
double amt of females
cause: history of unsatisfying relationships, use of prozac
sexual aversion disorders

Front 6

Sex Therapy: Bodily functioning

Back 6

Medical treatments: appliances (get vagina used to penetration w/ lrgr objects, male pump), drugs (cause body to produce enzymes to constrict blood vessels to maintain erection) surgery (very invasive)

Front 7

Sex therapy: Psychological functioning

Back 7

Kaplan: friction (stimulation) and fantasy
desensitization therapy
relationship therapy: Masters and Johnson--> communication improvement, co-therapists

Front 8

Sex therapy: behavior therapy

Back 8

strong component of social learning; education: Dodson; based on learning theory
Masters and Johnson

Front 9

Critique of sexual disorders

Back 9

medicalization of sexual functioning
creates false hope
reliance on masturbation as therapy (solo activity)

Front 10

New View of women's sexual problems (3)

Back 10

focuses on different categories of causes, such as inadequate sexuality education, distress about not being able to meet cultural norms regarding ideal sexuality, and sexual inhibition due to fear of abuse by one's partner.

Front 11

What is AIDS?

Back 11

Acquired immunodeficiency disorder: immune system can't fight disease/bacteria. Must be diagnosed with HIV infection, PLUS one or more of 23 conditions, or a CD4+ count less than 200 cells/mm3 (these make up the immune system)

Front 12

natural history of HIV infection

Back 12

infection-->development of antibodies (seroconversion)-->asymptomatic carrier-->persistant generalized lymphadenopathy and other life-threatening conditions-->AIDS and other life threatening conditions-->death

Front 13

AIDS trends

Back 13

Acquired at 16-24, more men, peaks @30-39, more likely among whites then african americans then hispanics, numbers among heterosexuals increasing, more black females and adolescents.

Front 14

Antibody testing (AIDS)

Back 14

ELISA test: need 2 to prove you are HIV+ (8/1000 false positive); western blot test (more expensive, you need sufficient "viral load" in the body

Front 15

Positive AIDS test

Back 15

2 positive ELISA, 1 positive western blot

Front 16

How is AIDS transmitted?

Back 16

contact w/ infected fluid: cannot be exposed to AIR.
contact w/ used syringes (IDU) more in NE, men having sex with men more in SW, heterosexual intercourse (could be anal)

Front 17

AIDS prevention

Back 17

limit sexual activity, know partner's history, always use a condom, be monogamous/faithful, avoid oral contact with penis, rectum, vagina, avoid cuts and sores

Front 18

Treatments for sexual vaiation: psychoanalysis

Back 18

(Freud)
to treat a person,
1)must have a corrective emotional experience (resolve unresolved trauma that leads to compulsive behavior) supportive environment
2) New learning-- more efficient, new ways of expressing selves so they experience positive reinforcement for their sexual activity.

Front 19

Case history sexual variation: Barbara

Back 19

complete amnesia, replaced father with husband, healing = long term process

Front 20

cognitive-behavior therapy for treatments of sexual variation

Back 20

based off learning theory, your behavior is a result of learning.
1) desensitization/relaxation from anxiety-- learn to cope to be in presence of the stimulus
2) extinction-- aversive therapy, then relearning. punish neg behavior, reinforce positive behavior
3)reinforcement: surrogates to teach appropriate behaviors

Front 21

Hyde and DeLamater definition of sexual variations

Back 21

sexual gratification that results from activities that are uncomfortable and inefficient in daily life.

Front 22

Types of behavior in sexual variations (3)

Back 22

1)behaviors involving 1 actor (fetishes)
2)behaviors involving 2 or more consenting adults
3)behaviors involving actor and non-consenting adult (voyurism, exhibitionism)

Front 23

DSM-IV paraphilias

Back 23

behavior must be recurring and intense, more than 6 months,causes significant impairment and distress

Front 24

Carnes-- Sexual addiction (4)

Back 24

4 characteristics of addiction: preoccupation w/ activity, part of ritual, person feels compulsion to do the behavior, person feels despair after behavior

Front 25

two categories of sexual deviances

Back 25

1. Deviance in object-- attaches sexual intimacy to nonhuman thing
2. deviance in aim-- any goal other than orgasm via penile-vaginal intercourse

Front 26

Sexual deviance arrives from

Back 26

traumatic experience early in childhood (fixation at that stage),

or regression (have normal sexual experience, then experience trauma and psychologically reject adulthood and go back to a more "comforting" time)

Front 27

Illness model of sexual deviance.
benefits and criticisms

Back 27

the person with the deviance is ill, blame the sickness. they are not criminals with bad intentions, but they have health problems.
benefits: leads us to treat them more humane
criticism:perpetuates the idea that there is something wrong with these deviances

Front 28

social learning model of sexual deviance

Back 28

behaviors are learned experiences, sexual arousal can be attached to anything. involves:
reinforcement history, atypical learning (related to 2-factor theory)

Front 29

Elements of sexual assault

Back 29

person at least 16,
some motivated by sexual desire, but there are essential elements of interpersonal violence,
assault that involves sexual behavior

Front 30

statutory definitions of sexual assault

Back 30

usually state laws, DEGREE of force, amount of harm, degree of assault

Front 31

Characteristics of "rape prone" society (5)

Back 31

1)sexual assault overlooked
2)women viewed as property
3)ideology of male dominance
4)sanctions for male aggressiveness
5)sexualitzation of culture

Front 32

reasons for not reporting sexual assault

Back 32

#1: it was a personal issue
#2: attempt unsuccessful
#3: report overlooked
#4: it wasn't important enough

Front 33

Most common places for rape to occur, and common trends between victim and assaulter

Back 33

home>neighbor/relative home>commercial building, substantial number within vicinity of own home
most are well-known, casual acquaintance, spouse

Front 34

Sexual aggression typology

Back 34

1)non-aggressive aggression: consensual
2) coercive: accomplish intercourse by threatening to end relationship, after continuing discussion/argument, saying things you didn't mean
3)Abusive: accomplished kissing/petting, threaten to use force, unsuccessful to obtain intercourse
4.assaultive: anal, oral, vaginal penetration by force or threat

Front 35

Correlation with using sexual aggression

Back 35

M: rape myths, hostility towards women,
both: past behavior(learning a script), relationship conflict, alcohol and drug use

Front 36

Sexual assault prevention

Back 36

examine beliefs about sex, men, women
examine relationships: communication
examine substance abuse

Front 37

People who seek abortions: by race.

Back 37

black>white>hispanic

Front 38

Reasons for abortion (Guttmacher 2004) (6)

Back 38

1) not ready for a(nother) child
2)Can;t afford a baby
3)Dont want more children
4)problems in relationship
5)Too young
6)Impact on life

Front 39

Relationship with male at time of abortion (DeLamater)

Back 39

in love>affectionate relationship>husband>casual>fiance

Front 40

Long run relative mental health problems after abortion, aftereffects of abortion

Back 40

no greater if woman had first tri abortion, positive and relief and wished i hadnt increased after 1 week, negative decreased after 1 week.

Front 41

Contraceptive use after abortion

Back 41

most women who have abortions use contraceptives almost always after

Front 42

Emotional aftereffects of abortion depend on relationship with male and if they get support from others
3 factors

Back 42

1. Partner's support-- if partner knew she was pregnant, knew she was getting an abortion, came to the clinic
2. Partner's emotions-- role of male's emotional reaction. If father is angry at woman, they usually did not communicate well
3.Effect on relationship-- 1/3 better, 1/3 worse, 1/3 same.

Front 43

Attitudes toward abortion (M and F)

Back 43

Males usually more accepting (class is more liberal)
conflict in the U.S.: NOT over abortion, rather the REASONS for seeking for abortions

Front 44

Abortion
spontaneous vs induced

Back 44

expulsion from uterus of embryo before it is sufficiently developed to survive
spontaneous: due to biological or physical factors, mother and fetus in "constant struggle". 30% of fertilized eggs miscarried by early spontaneous abortions w/o detection
Induced abortion: expulsion due to plan, partial birth abortion has NO medical meaning, refered to as abortion in the 7th and 8th month, majority terminated because fetus already died.

Front 45

Techniques for abortion (3)

Back 45

medical techniques ("modern medicine", Quasi-Chemical techniques (plants/herbs, laxatives, animal manure), mechanical techniques (have women engage in violent exercise, jump on stomach, sticks in vagina)

Front 46

Long term physical effects of abortion on mother

Back 46

Increased frequency of spontaneous abortions, short gestation of subsequent birth, low birth weight (ALL ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS AND CIGARETTE SMOKING)

Front 47

Incidence of legal abortions

Back 47

decreasing in numbers, due to decrease in youth who initiate sex at younger age, decrease in lack of availability for abortion.

Front 48

Characteristics of women seeking abortions

Back 48

20-24, decreases with age
most never married
most had no previous abortions, level of repeat abortions has been stable
stable seeking of abortion with age

Front 49

Reasons for concern-- contraceptive use

Back 49

democratization of birth control, increase in premarital intercourse, concern about abortion

Front 50

Requisites for being on birth control

Back 50

1.knowledge of reproductive physiology
2. knowledge of menstrual cycle-- likeliness to get pregnant
3. knowledge of contraception and use
4.positive attitudes

Front 51

Where people get their information about contraception

Back 51

school, parents (report most correct and consistent use of birth control), friends, TV/movies, books/pamphlets, BF/GF

Front 52

Awareness--Linderman
Contraceptive use

Back 52

Stage 1-- natural--no awareness that THEY could get pregnant, before they start thinking about being pregnant
Stage 2-- peers-- same misinformation still, "maybe this could happen to me", some time of being sexually active
Stage 3-- expert-- they realize that they could actually be involved in a pregnancy, goes out and gets a prescription

Front 53

Motivation-- contraceptive use; Rains (3 stages)

Back 53

desire to avoid pregnancy
rains-- moral ambivalence. stage 1 non-use, stage 2 experimental stage--try something ti reduce risk stage 3 consistent user of prescription b.c.
the more partners a women has, less likely to use b.c.

Front 54

Access to birth control

Back 54

withdrawal and rythem are the only free birth controls, financial barriers (can't afford it), alcohol and drug use=reduced consistency

Front 55

Fertilization

Back 55

usually occurs in fallopian tube

Front 56

Non-coital fertilization

Back 56

genital apposition--> sperm on labia, not in vagina

Front 57

Assisted reproduction (3 types)

Back 57

artificial insemination-- sperm injected
GIFT: egg and sperm in reproductive system
IVF: invitro fertilization, "test tube babies"

Front 58

Societal Concerns-- Conception (3)

Back 58

1. ensure proper childcare, 2. resources (control how often women have children), 3. ensure socailization (need to establish who the adults are, need to learn the norms, prevent teen pregnancy)

Front 59

Sexual taboos and pregnancy

Back 59

people do things to prevent pregnancy
incest taboo, adultery taboo (division of resources for child outside of family), postpartum taboo: in less resourced coutries, need to hold off on additional babies

Front 60

Contemporary developments in birth control

Back 60

chemical techniques (BC, hormonal),
surgical techniques (sever tubes), democratization of conception, available for most, but the poor get children. (rich keep contraceptive use to selves, the poor would have many children for labor)

Front 61

Effectiveness: failure rates of birth control

Back 61

typical use failure rates (among typical couples who initiate use of method-- not necessarily 1st name), and perfect use failure rate (consistently and correctly)

Front 62

Different types of birth control

Back 62

coitally independent methods (IUD, b.c., much more effective)
coitally dependent methods (heavily effected by situation, like condom, pullout)

Front 63

New methods of birth control

Back 63

Lea's shield, FemCap, contraceptive patch, contraceptive ring, male injection (gossypol--> shuts down sperm production)

Front 64

Reason for no new birth control techniques

Back 64

Safety--side effects
cost (long term investement)
liability
politics of abortion
the spread of conscious clauses-- healthcare providers do not have to provide medical attentiont that go against their conscience.