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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genital difference |
Males: wolffian ducts, penis, scrotum females: mullerian ducts, clit, labia` |
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undifferentiated stage |
males and females start this way in womb around 7th week after conception -2 gonads -mullerian and wolffian ducts - mesonephras(?) |
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Male/Female differentiation |
Male: testes occur at 7th week; mullerian --> epididymis --> vas; produce testosterone Female: ovaries at week 13/14; mullerian --> fallopian tubes --> uterus --> upper vagina; produce estrogen
gender is clear by week 12 |
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SRY gene |
sex determining region on Y chromosome synthesis of testis-determining factor gonads = testes testes secrete mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) |
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Klinefelter's syndrome |
XXY male with extra X no sperm is made and testosterone is low |
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Homologous organs |
organs from same tissue glans penis = glans clitoris scrotum = outer lips testes = ovaries |
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Inguinal Canal |
7 months after conception testes descend from ab cavity into the scrotum closes after desecnded |
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undescended testes |
Cryptorchidism testes remain in ab cavity at birth can be both or one testes |
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inguinal hernia |
inguinal canal doesn't close completely loops of intestines allowed to enter scrotum later in life |
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
-intersex condition genetic female as fetus, but later the adrenal gland produces excess androgens prenatally --> external genitals are partly or completely male at birth |
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AIS: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
body is unresponsive to androgens usually a genetic male has ambiguous external genitals that are female-appearing. -may produce testosterone but cells don't recognize it |
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John Money |
Said that sex change can be done up until 18 months to choose gender of intersex child -proved wrong when people later felt they were being people they didn't want to be after the change |
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Endocrine disrupters |
Chemicals in environment that affect endocrine system and biological functioning -Atrazine: inhibits binding to estrogen receptors -PCB's: anti-estrogen/androgen -ex: early human puberty; low-sperm count and estradiol levels similar to women |
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Sex Hormones |
testes: make androgens ovaries: make estrogens and progesterone adrenals produce androgens in females (DHEA) |
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HPG axis |
Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, negative feedback loop for regulating sex hormones |
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Hypothalamus |
Releases GnRH to regulate pituitary gland secretions to gonads
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GnRH
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monitors levels of sex hormones inhibited by high testosterone levels and high estrogen levels |
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Pituitary gland |
release FSH and LH |
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Female hormone flow |
Low estrogen and progesterone --> GnRH release --> FSH/LH release --> Follicle and ovum development (FSH) and Estrogen secretion (LH) - negative feedback of estrogen to hypothalamus/LH, inhibin from ovaries to FSH production |
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Male hormone flow |
Low testosterone --> GnRH release --> FSH/LH release --> spermatogenesis/testosterone secretion -negative feedback of testosterone to hypothalamus/LH and inhibin from testes to FSH |
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prolactin and oxytocin |
produced by pituitary in women prolactin: stimulates milk production in mammary glands oxytocin: stimulates milk ejaculation and uterine contractions |
