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212 Cards in this Set
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1. How do we know about sexuality in the Ancient Mediterranean?
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Laws give glimpse into world of sexuality in early culture
They just tell us though what is forbidden Know abortion was forbidden because great value on having many children, esp sons |
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2. What are temple prostitutes?
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Women in ancient cultures who would have sex with worshipers at pagan temples to provide money for the temple or as a form of worshiping the gods
*Prostitution was common |
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3. What modern sex attitudes did the ancient Egyptians have?
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1. Condemned adultery, esp among women
2. Woman could divorce husband 3. Invented male circumcision |
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4. To what three ancient cultures does modern Western society owe the most to?
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Hebraic
Hellenistic (Greek) Roman |
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5. How were the Greeks sexually compared to the Hebrews?
How is this evident? |
More sexually permissive
Their stories/myths were full of sexual exploits, incest, rape, and bestiality Distinguished between love and sex in tales |
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6. What did the Greeks institutionalize?
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Homosexuality
Had pederasty |
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7. What is pederasty?
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Sexual contact between adult men and (usually) post-pubescent boys
Man added boy in continuing intellectual, physical, and sexual development in return for sex Mentor was active partner (penetrator), boy was passive partner |
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8. What does homoerotic mean?
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Artistic or literary words that focus on the sexual or love relations between members of the same sex
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9. What does platonic mean?
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Named after Plato's description, a deep, loving friendship that is devoid of sexual contact or desire
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10. How was sex a symbol of power in Greece?
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It was acceptable for citizens to have sex w/ any of the less powerful groups in society
Powerful man wielded symbol of masculine power (penis) & could penetrate social inferiors reinforcing his place in social order |
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11. How was marriage and sexual relations viewed by the Romans?
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A means to improve one's economic and social standing
Passionate love almost never appeared in written accounts handed down to us Fair treatment, mutual consideration, and respect were more important |
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12. How did sexuality change in Rome?
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Very permissive attitude toward homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual behaviors
Restrictions came late in the history of the empire |
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13. How was homosexuality viewed in Rome as well as in Greece?
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Male in passive sexual position were viewed w/ scorn
Same behavior by youth, foreigners, slave, or women was acceptable so could please person and improve one's place in society |
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14. What does the Hebrew's old testament say about sex?
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Provides documentation on sex beliefs
"Go forth and multiple" - have lots of kids Book of Psalms had a lot of erotic poems - have sex to bring pleasure to person you are with |
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15. So why did the Hebrews have sex?
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It was a religious duty for procreation
(sex was a religious duty on the Sabbath) *Rabbi's were expected to marry and have sex regularly Sex was also pleasurable for both men and women |
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16. Who could have sex?
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Men: wives or concubines
Women: only husband, extramarital sex was strictly forbidden Obligation between two people |
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17. What is a concubine?
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An accepted mistress (usually widows)
Man takes on concubine and has responsibility to take care of her and any children with her |
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18. What could the Hebrew men do sexually?
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There were many rules about sexual activity
ONLY have heterosexual penetrative intercourse - they were not to "spill the seed" No masturbation, oral sex, anal sex, or bestiality (ejaculate only to penetrate something) Homosexual acts were also forbidden |
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19. What could the Hebrew women do sexually?
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Less explicit discussion of sexual activities
Only one rule: don't engage in bestiality (killed if did) |
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20. What rituals did the Hebrews subject the body of men and women to?
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Boys: foreskin of penis circumcised
Women: purification baths following menstruation and giving birth |
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21. What men established the Early Christian views on sexuality?
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St. Paul, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine
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22. What did St. Paul believe about sexuality?
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Condemned sexuality - mainly b/c it involved women and he hated women
He felt it was "better to marry than burn" Ideal was celibacy (man will be pure then) |
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23. What is celibacy?
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The state of remaining unmarried, often used today to refer to abstaining from sex
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24. What did St. Jerome and St. Augustine say about sexuality?
What was the legacy of early Christianity in regards to sex? |
Strong in condemning sexual activity
General association of sexuality with sin |
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25. How did St. Paul view women?
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Either pious (meaning celibate) or whore
Nothing in between two extremes |
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26. Why did early Christians have sex?
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Procreation
Acceptable for men to engage in sexual behavior within marriage for the release of sexual tension Ideally celibate though so devote energies to God |
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27. Who could have sex according to the early Christians?
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Only between spouses
For Catholics, divorce is forbidden |
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28. What were "good" women according to early Christian beliefs?
What were "bad" women? |
Good women had no sexual feelings or desire (asexual creatures - "virgin Mary")
Good married women performed "marital duty" and satisfied husbands needs Bad women seduce and tempt men |
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29. What could be done sexually?
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Heterosexual, penetrative (aimed at procreation) intercourse
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30. How did Protestant Christian beliefs change from the early Christian (now Roman Catholic) beliefs?
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Loosening of restrictions on sex
Sex was seen as good and religious leaders were allowed to and did marry |
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31. What new ideas came about in the Late Middle Ages regarding women?
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They were elevated to place of purity and considered almost perfect
No longer temptress but model of virtue These ideas were brought back by Crusaders from Islamic lands |
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32. What is an entremetteuse?
Why were they around? |
A women who procures sexual partners for men or one who taught men about lovemaking
Women were seen as holders of the secrets of sexuality |
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33. What were the beliefs of Aquinas which forms the basis of the Catholic Church's attitudes toward sexuality even today?
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Sex organs were "naturally" intended for procreation and other use of them was unnatural and immoral
Sin is the misuse of sexuality getting in the way of procreation |
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34. What is the the reason for sex according to the Muslims?
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Both pleasure and procreation
Religious leaders marry and men can have up to four wives |
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35. Who can have sex?
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Both sexes are assumed to have sex drives
Generally sex should be with spouse (concubine is okay) -liberal groups okay homosexuality and prostitution Extramarital or premarital sex means strong dishonor for family |
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36. Where did the Muslims beliefs about why we have sex come from?
Is sex inevitable? |
Grew out of ancient Hebrew beliefs
Believed sex was inevitable if put man and woman together *this is why women are so restricted (protect them from horrible death) |
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37. What can be done sexually according to Muslim belief?
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Various sexual activities - anything that feels good is okay for men(more tolerance)
Contraception and abortion are allowed *Despite more liberal view, women are expected to be modest and cover some or all of their body when around men outside the family |
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38. What is a harem?
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Secluded area where women married to wealthy men live
Self-contained communities where women learned to become self-sufficient in absence of men |
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39. How was Islamic society more free and open about sexuality than Christian society?
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They had erotic and love writings
Celebrated young boys as epitome of beauty and allowed sexual contact between men and boys |
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40. What is an eunuch?
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Castrated male who guarded a harem
At times, children were also made eunuchs in childhood in order to sing soprano in church choirs |
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41. Compare and contrast various religious beliefs about sexuality (who, what why).
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Jews
-why: procreation -who: men w/ wives or concubine, women w/ husband -what: men no spilling of the seed, women restrictions are less clear Christians: -why: procreation & male's pleasure -who: only spouses -what:conservative sects only heterosexual contact for procreation, liberal Protestant sects restrictions are loosened Muslims: -why: procreation & pleasure -who: spouses traditionally but liberal groups tolerate homosexuality & prostitution -what: wide variety |
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42. What are three examples of historical Christian religious beliefs that still influence laws in todays society?
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1. Rape laws: look into woman's background, see if she was tempting and then said no
2. Extramarital sex is still illegal in some states 3. Prostitutes are still viewed as evil or bad and deserve legal punishment |
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43. What was the view on sexuality during the Enlightenment?
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Sexual pleasure was considered natural and desirable (so much freedom that had rise in premarital pregnancies)
Homosexuality was still condemned and persecuted |
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44. What happened in the Victorian era?
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Public behavior became important so sexual attitudes became more conservative
*remember this is a secular view not a religious group |
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45. How did Victorian era perpetuate a double standard or differ in private from the public appearance?
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Publicly: sex was not spoken of and restricted to marital bed
Privately: porn, affairs, and prostitution were common |
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46. How were women viewed during the Victorian era?
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Virtuous, refined, delicate, fragile, vulnerable
Good women didn't have sex drive (they were gate keeper to sex and should have it as infrequent as possible) |
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47. Did men have prostitutes?
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Yes, a sensitive man wouldn't bother his wife for sex but go to prostitute or have mistress instead
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48. What could be done sexually?
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Penetrative sexual intercourse
-sex was nasty Esp no masturbation (it lead to insanity, blindness) |
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49. In the Victorian era, who could have sex, why have sex, and what can be done?
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Why: procreative (celibacy was not ideal - want many children)
Who: within marriage (unless guy) What: penetrative sex |
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50. What did the Puritans believe about sex?
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Sexuality was good and proper within marriage
Severe sanctions though for sexual trangressions |
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51. What is bundling?
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An American practice of placing a wooden board or hanging sheets in the middle of the bed, or wrapping the body in tight clothes, in order to allow an unmarried couple to spend the night together w/o having sex
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52. How did the whites view the slaves' attitudes toward sex?
Was this true? |
Loose morals (fathered many children, etc)
There was strong sense of morality in slave community (tried to maintain stable unions and regulate sexual behavior as much as possible) |
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53. What service did these myths serve?
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Scare white women away from black men
Allowed white men to sexually exploit black women Excuse to rape them, break up families, and even kill them |
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54. What is the Free Love Movement?
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A movement of the early 19th century that preached that love should be the factor that determines whether on should have sex
It's love not marriage that is a prerequisite for sexual relations |
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55. What was the medical model of sexuality that came to be at the close of the 19th century?
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Americans became obsessed w/ sexual habits
Physicians advocated self-restraint, abstention from masturbation, and eating "nonstimulating" foods Argued that women were ruled by their wombs (have ovaries surgically removed to "correct" sexual passion) Homosexuality was an illness |
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56. What was the social hygiene movement?
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Convinced legislators that "virtuous" women were getting STD's from husbands who frequented hookers so passed laws mandating blood test before marriage
Against premarital sex, warned that masturbation harmed one's future sex life, and advocated sex ed in schools |
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57. What motivates human behavior?
What are the two most powerful drives? |
Instincts and drive
Libido (sexual motivation) and thanatos (self-destructive instinct in form of aggression) Libido is the more powerful |
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58. What are the two divisions to the personality according to Freud?
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Three levels which personality operates: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Second division is id, ego, and superego |
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59. What are the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious?
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Conscious: contains info of which we are currently aware of
Preconscious: contains thoughts that can be brought into awareness easily Unconscious: we have no conscious access to it (most important to Freud) |
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60. What are the id, ego, and superego?
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Id: pleasure center (unconscious urges and desires)
Ego: works on reality principle (keep id in check) Superego: the conscience (social and parental standards an individual has internalized) |
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61. What was Freud's big contribution to sex?
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Applied sex drive to all and developed psychosexual development
(women are sexually motivated by desire for a child) Also said sex was fun and said genital sex was most mature form but allowed for other forms (anal, oral) |
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62. What is psychosexual development?
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The childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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63. What is an erogenous zone?
What is fixation? |
Areas that are particularly sensitive to touch and are associated w/ sexual pleasure
Tying up of psychic energy at a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in adult behaviors characteristic of the stage |
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64. What are the five stages of psychosexual development and their corresponding erogenous zones?
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1. Oral stage: mouth, lips, and tongue
2. Anal stage: anus/rectum 3. Phallic stage: penis and clitoris 4. Latency stage: libido and sexual urges are repressed 5. Genital stage: penis and vagina |
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65. What sexual activity is important in the phallic stage?
What do girls develop at this stage? |
Masturbation
Penis envy (which is lasting) b/c of superiority of male organ to clitoris |
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66. What ends the phallic stage?
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Terminated w/ resolution of Electra or Oedipal complex and creation of the sex role identity
*Electra stage for girls is never fully resolved so women are less psychologically mature than men |
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67. How did the form the male and female genitals affect personality?
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Women: vagina is inside body so women are naturally passive, receptive, and concerned w/ inner feelings
Men: Penis is on outside and penetrates so men are outgoing, aggressive, and concerned w/ manipulating events/things in external world |
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68. For Freud, why have sex, with whom, and what?
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Why: basic human motive, sexual energy drives all behavior
Who: heterosexual adults What: genital activity is primary form but normal to have left over feelings from each stage |
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69. How did Freud's writings strengthen the sexual attitudes implicit in the Judeo-Christian writing?
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1. Inferiority of women and their sexuality is directed toward having kids
2. Supported greater sexual aggressiveness of men and passivity of women |
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70. What impacts do we still see from Freud in regards to sex?
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Vaginal orgasm has persisted even though research shows both vagina and clitoris stimulation is necessary
Post-menopausal women have no sexual desires (this have been contradicted by research) Sexuality should be encouraged for everyone b/c there are negative effects of repressing sexual feelings |
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71. What fixations can occur at each stage?
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1. Oral: interest in oral sex
2. Anal: over interest in anal sex, sadism 3. Phallic: masturbation, homosexuality, con't clitoral eroticism 4. Latency: no interest in sex 5. Genital: normal |
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72. How were Victorian beliefs about sexually similar to those of conservative Christians?
How are they different? |
Similar
-"ideal" woman lacked sex drive and "bad" woman tempted men -only sexual intercourse Different -Victorian want lots of kids, while cons. Christian ideal was celibacy -Victorian era went to extremes to avoid masturbation (eat bland diet to suppress sex drive) |
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73. What are behaviorists?
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Theorists who believe that behavior is learned and can be altered
Only overt behavior can be measured |
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74. Where do we learn certain behaviors, including most sexual behaviors?
What is a behaviorist concerned with? |
Through reinforcement
Change behavior (less concerned w/ origin) Modern sex therapy uses behaviorists techniques |
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75. What is operant conditioning?
What is behavior modification? |
Learning resulting from the reinforcing response a person receives following a certain behavior
Therapy based on operant conditions and classical conditions principles, used to change behaviors |
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76. What is aversion therapy?
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A technique that reduce the frequency of maladaptive behavior by associating it w/ aversive stimuli
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77. What does social learning theory say?
What are important in development of sexuality? |
Both internal and external events influence behavior (gap between behaviorism and cognitive therapy)
Imitation and identification |
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78. What is cognitive theory?
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Proposes that our thoughts are responsible for our behaviors
We differ in how we process info and this creates personality differences |
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79. What is behavior a result of according to cognitive theory?
So what sexually arouses us? |
Behavior is result of how we perceive and conceptualize what is happening around us
What sexually arouses us is what we think sexually arouses us |
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80. What does humanistic theory believe?
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We strive to develop ourselves to the best of our abilities and to achieve self-actualization
Easier to do if raised w/ unconditional positive regard (no rules to follow in order to be loved) |
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81. What is evolutionary theory?
Why does sexuality exist? |
A theory that incorporates both evolution and sociology and looks for trends in behavior
Exists for purpose of reproducing species -individual sexuality is designed to max change of passing one's genes |
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82. Why is the double standard thought to exist?
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Men are freee to have casual sex whereas women cannot
Exists b/c men produce millions of sperm per day while women produce only one viable ovum per month |
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83. According to sociologists, what institutions influence a society's rules about sexual expression?
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Family, religion, economy, medicine, law, and media
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84. What was the Human Potential Movement?
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Philosophy advocated in late 1950's through the 1970'2 believing that people should strive to reach their full potential as human beings by better understanding their own feelings
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85. For the human potential movement, why have sex, who can have sex, and what can be done?
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Why: sexual expression helps uncovers one's true inner feelings, pleasurable
Who: any consenting adults (criticized monogamy as too limited) What: any and all (emphasized experimentation) |
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86. For the Feminist Movement of the 1960's and 1970's, why, who, and what?
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Why: sensual and emotional as well as oriented toward orgasm and trying new partners and activities
Who: not complete sexual freedom but women should choose partner What: whatever feels good |
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87. For the Gay Liberation Movement and Queer Theory, who, what, and why?
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Why: sexual happiness
Who: choice in sexual partners What: no restrictions on sexual expression |
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88. List three things that the Human Potential Movement, the Feminist Movement, and the Gay Liberation Movement have in common.
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1. All extended the freedom concerning who should have sex with each other
2. All believe that sexuality is a part of human nature, and thus should be experienced and enjoyed. 3. All endorsed a wider variety of sexual expression than earlier perspectives (e.g., Victorian, Freudian) |
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89. What are three reasons for why we have a lack of understanding of human sexuality?
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1. General lack of research regarding human sexuality (not legitimate or acceptable)
2. Humans are complex - we all react differently to the same stimuli, sometime we react differently to same stimuli at different times 3. Hard to do research b/c of the strong attitudes people have |
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90. What are four potential difficulties in conducting sexuality research?
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1. Unwillingly to be completely honest about sexual behaviors
2. People who do participate in research tend to be more liberal 3. Ideal and beliefs may prevent people from discussing sex 4. Can't do observational studies b/c sexual behavior occur in private |
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91. What does sexual arousal refer to?
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A subjective experience of feeling sexual or "turned on"
Erection in males and vaginal lubrication in females |
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92. How do physical manifestations interact with sexual arousal?
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Physical manifestations do not always accompany psychological state (feel sexual but not show physical signs)
Conversely, physical signs may be present but person does not perceive self as being "turned on" (person is not considered aroused then) |
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93. What does sexual behavior refer to?
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Over sexual acts of adults involving genital contact
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94. What factors affect sexual arousal?
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Cultural values
Environmental stimuli Physiological factors Unique.individual factors |
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95. How do cultural values affect sexual arousal?
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1. Partner is culturally acceptable
2. It's culturally acceptable to have feelings of sexual arousal |
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96. How do environmental stimuli affect sexual arousal?
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1. Privacy
2. Soft music and lights 3. Nudity |
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97. How do physiological factors affect sexual arousal?
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1. Good general health
2. High androgen levels 3. No pains or aches 4. Drugs (alcohol/pot) |
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98. How do unique/individual factors or experiences affect sexual arousal?
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1. Situation was pleasant before
2. Attractive person you see as a possible partner |
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99. What are probably the most important factors in determining if feelings of sexual arousal will be translated into sexual behavior?
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Sexual values and attitudes
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur if the culture and one's immediate peers believe sex is pleasurable and approve generally of sexual active |
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100. How do cultural values facilitate sexual behavior?
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1. Approve of sexual activity
2. Belief that sex is pleasurable 3. Acceptable partner culturally 4. Cultural rewards assoc w/ increased sexual activity 5. Sex role expectations (more rigid in low SES) 6. Class and race differences (higher SES more sexually permissive) |
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101. How do environmental stimuli facilitate sexual behavior?
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1. Private location
2. Birth control 3. Receptive partner |
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102. How do individual/unique factors and experiences facilitate sexual behavior?
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1. Want or are okay with pregnancy
2. Presence of attractive partner 3. Non-sexual reasons: want money in return or are lonely |
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103. How do physiological stimuli facilitate sexual behavior?
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1. Feeling of arousal physiologically
2. No debilitating physical factors |
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104. Are attitudes good predictors of behaviors?
Why or why not? |
Attitudes are not good predictors of behavior
There are many factors that determine any behavior |
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105. Why are attitudes and behaviors not highly correlated?
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1. Motivated to conform to situation even if it doesn't conform w/ attitude
2. Behaviors are determined by many factors 3. May not know truly what you believe about something 4. Some attitudes are weakly held so they don't strongly influence behavior |
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106. Why are attitudes and behaviors appear to be more highly related than they are?
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1. People want to appear consistent so make attitudes and behaviors match
2. People tend to "forget" things you don't want to remember 3. People are influenced by social desirability 4. Behavior is a self-report (not actually assessed) |
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107. What is social desirability?
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The wish to appear as a "good" person, so people claim to have both socially desirable attitudes and behaviors, even if neither is really true
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108. What was sex research like in the 19th century?
During the Victorian era? Late 19th century? |
First study of sex concentrated on bizarre, dangerous, and unhealthy aspects of sex
Sex research was thwarted Physicians were primary researchers *majority of early sexuality studies were done in Europe (primarily Germany) |
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109. When and why did systematic research into sexuality begin in the U.S.?
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Began in early 1920's
Motivated by pressure form social hygiene movement, which was concerned about STD's and their impact on marriages and children |
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110. How has recent studies on sexuality been?
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Surge in 1980's and 1990's driven by concerns over HIV and AIDS
Since this time, majority of research has been "problem-driven" Research has been very fragmented w/ researchers from different disciplines (unaware of research published in other disciplines) |
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111. What is a sexologist?
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A professional who studies sexuality
Researchers, educators, and clinicians usually PhD-level |
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112. How is sex research evaluated?
How has sexuality research impacted attitudes about sexual behavior? |
Either moral or immoral
Researchers are encouraged not to invade privacy of intimate relationships or study sexuality of certain age groups (young or old) Helped sex become a topic of discussion rather than taboo subject |
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113. What is atheoretical?
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Research that is not influenced by a particular theory
This is what Kinsey claimed to be in his early work |
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114. How did Kinsey conduct his research?
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Collected info on each participant's sexual life history w/ an emphasis on specific sexual behavior
He interviewed participants - built in many checks to detect false info (i.e check data from wives and husbands for consistency) |
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115. What is interviewer bias?
How did Kinsey try to counter interviewer bias |
The bias of a researcher caused by his or her own ideas
Only Kinsey and three colleagues conducted all the interviews |
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116. What is probability sampling?
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A research strategy that involves acquiring a random sample for inclusion in a study
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117. Did Kinsey use probability sampling?
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No, thought he'd get a high refusal rate
He used "quota sampling accompanied by opportunistic collection" This meant if a group was not well represented he'd find these participants and add them |
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118. What did Kinsey's work lead to?
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Greater openness about sex and perhaps to greater experimentation
Challenged many of the assumptions about sexuality in the US |
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119. What did Kinsey find?
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First Volume (Men's sexuality)
-men weren't waiting for marriage -homosexuality existed -do more than missionary style Second Volume (women's sexuality) -most women weren't waiting for marriage (usu w/ finacee) -sexual variety |
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120. What was the Playboy update?
What was not good about it? |
Morton Hunt (funded by Playboy
Foundation) updated Kinsey's research Volunteer bias (b/c choose people from telephone book) prevented findings from being generalizable |
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121. What was the study by Masters and Johnson about?
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First comprehensive scientific study of what actually happened during sexual arousal and orgasm
Measured precisely bodily changes during sexual activity |
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122. What did Masters and Johnson find?
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For both men and women the following are involved in sexual response:
1. Breasts 2. Skin 3. Muscles 4. Rectum 5. Heart 6. Lungs *both sexes have four basic phases of sexual response |
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123. How did this research affect sexuality?
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It added significant knowledge and helped make public discussion of sexuality more acceptable
Contradicted number of cultural beliefs about sex |
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124. What were some of the contradictions that were found?
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1. Women could have multiple orgasms
2. There were biological consequences if women consistently failed to reach orgasm 3. Any female orgasm involves not only vagina and clitoris AND a number of other areas |
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125. What were some attitudinal changes about sex which may have been influenced by sex researchers?
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1. Greater acceptance of sexual activity and interest in women
2. Greater acceptance of a variety of sexual activities in addition to sexual intercourse (e.g., masturbation, oral sex, homosexuality) 3. Increased openness about sex |
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126. What did Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg reveal about homosexuality?
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Majority of homosexuals do not conform to stereotypes
Prior to this research, people believe that homosexuals were sexually irresponsible and had psychological problems that needed to be cured |
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127. What did the Janus report find about sex?
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People were more willing to engage in a variety of sexual behaviors
There had been an increase in sexual interest and behavior in elderly *report examined sexual behavior of people according to where they lived |
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128. What was the Janus report criticized?
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1. Sample was not randomly selected
2. Many sexual behaviors were overestimated b/c of above |
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129. What did The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) examine?
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Sexual attitudes and practices of American adults
Most comprehensive study since Kinsey and used better sampling procedures |
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130. What did the results indicate?
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Americans were more sexually conservative than previously thought
Results also indicated the sexual choices that people make are restricted by their social networks |
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131. What did the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development conduct?
What did they find? |
National Survey of Adolescent Males - longitudinal study on adolescent males
Found that significant number of adolescent boys engage in sexual activities beyond vaginal intercourse |
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132. How were seniors represented in Kinsey's research?
How was this corrected? |
Underrepresented
Starr and Weiner explored the sexuality of adults between 60 and 91 |
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133. What did the study reveal?
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Interest in sexuality continued in the later years
Many older adults felt sexuality continued to be important for physical and emotional health as they aged |
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134. How was the response rate for the study?
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14% which is low
The statistics may not be accurate for all seniors Sample may have overrepresented seniors more interested in sex |
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135. What do teens more recently link with sex?
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Love
Tend to be more committed to sexually exclusive relationships |
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136. What kind of sexual fantasies do boys and girls have?
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Boys: use more visual imagery
Girls: fantasies focus on emotional involvement, romance, committed partners, and physical touch Both men and women tend to fantasize about adults they know |
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137. What is one of the most underrepresented sexual behaviors in adolescence?
How does this progress through adolescence? |
Masturbation
As boys and girls enter adolescence, masturbation sharply increases (activity is more directed toward achieving orgasm) |
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138. How do masturbation practices fluctuate with sex?
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Boys masturbate less when having regular sex
Girls masturbate more when having regular sex |
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139. What is abstinence?
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Refraining from intercourse and often other forms of sexual contact
Majority of people believe to be abstinent means to maintain virginity |
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140. What percent of people do not have sen while in their teens?
What type of adolescent is more likely to be abstinent? What are some reasons for being abstinent? |
20%
Positive, self-image Haven't met "right" person, fear of STD's and/or pregnancy |
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141. How has engaging in oral sex changed among teen?
Why do they have do this? |
Engage in oral sex more than sexual intercourse
50% view oral sex as less risky and less of a threat to their values and morals Less likely to get bad rep or feel guilty about behavior |
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142. Why has the incidence of oral sex been increasing among adolescents?
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1. Oral sex is more prevalent and acceptable today
2. Warned about dangers of sexual intercourse and think oral sex is safe alternative 3. Increase in virginity pleaders (oral sex still maintains virginity) |
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143. What did Kinsey find about oral sex and teens?
What did a more recent study show? |
17% engaged in fellatio, 11% in cunnilingus
54% of girls and 55% of boys engaged in oral sex |
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144. What did the National Health and Social Life Survey reveal about why men first had sexual intercourse?
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1. 90% said they wanted to the first time
2. More than half were motivated by curiosity 3. Only a quarter has sex out of affection for partner |
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145. What did the National Health and Social Life Survey reveal about why women first had sexual intercourse?
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1. 70% wanted to have sex the first time
2. Half has sex first time out of affection for partner 3. Quarter cited curiosity as motivator |
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146. What is the first time like for many teens?
How has the number of teens having sex in the 1990's changed? What are the average ages for sex? |
Unplanned but decision is rarely spontaneous
Rates decreased (first time since 1970's) Average age: 16.9 yrs old (African American males often younger and Asian American males older) *Native Americans show more same-sex behavior than whites |
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147. What influences impact the decision to engage in sexual contact?
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1. Peer Influence (less influenced by peers if have strong family relationship)
2. Relationship with Parents 3. Religion |
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148. What factors in relationship with parents influence delaying first intercourse?
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1. Good parental communication
2. Atmosphere of honesty and openness 3. Two-parent home 4. Reasonable rules about sexuality *close families are more likely to transmit their sexual values and integrate their children into their religious & moral views |
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149. What type of parents tend to have children who engage in sexual intercourse early?
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Either overly strict or permissive parents as compared to parents that are moderate
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150. In a relationship where one partner has had sex before and the other hasn't who influences the sex life of the relationship?
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The woman's past experience is a stronger predictor of the sexual behavior of the couple
Virginal men often do not resist the opportunity to have sexual intercourse |
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151. What factors affect whether a man or woman remain sexually interested and active in older age?
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1. His or her age
2. Physical health 3. Medications 4. Level of satisfaction with life 5. Availability and interest of partner (this is particularly important to women) |
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152. What is meant by a "silent agreement"?
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This is when coupled believe they know what the other wants because they base it on what they themselves want
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153. How does our society view extramarital affairs?
Where does this view stem from? |
Traditionally we (like a few other societies) forbid sexual contact outside marriage
Stems from Judeo-Christian background |
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154. What characteristics do people who cheat in intimate relationship have?
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1. Have stronger sexual interests
2. More permissive sexual values 3. Less satisfaction in intimate relationships 4. Have more opportunities for sex outside the relationship |
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155. How does an extramarital affair progress (four stages)?
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1. Person becomes emotionally close to someone
2. Couple decides to keep the relationship secret 3. Couple starts doing things together, don't refer to it as "dating" 4. Relationship become sexual |
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156. What gender and racial differences are there in acceptance of extramarital affairs?
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1. Males ten to be more accepting of affairs
2. Women experience more emotional distress 3. Men and women often accept responsibility for partner's infidelity when it's emotional in nature |
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157. What types of affairs do women have more often?
When are men and women more likely to have affairs Why do most affairs occur? |
More emotional rather than physical affairs
Men when they are younger and women when they are older 90% of affairs occur b/c of unmet emotional needs within relationship |
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158. What are the three types of extramarital affairs?
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1. Sexual but not emotional (21%)
2. Sexual and emotional (19%) 3. Emotional but not sexual (18%) |
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159. When do the first outward signs of puberty occur
What happens for girls? |
Between 6 and 12 (6 & 7 have more internal changes; 9 or 10 for outward signs)
Girls: breast buds and pubic hair growth Boys: public hair growth (happens later than in girls though) |
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160. What is menarche?
What is semenarche? |
Menarche is start of menstrual cycle
Semenarche is the experience of first ejaculation *On average, girls experience menarche before boys experience semenarche |
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161. Why do children become more private (think of the latency phase)?
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Children are socialized into correct sexual behavior and learn to restrict them to moments of privacy
Latency period may be that overt sexual behavior lessens b/c it's less tolerated or kids get better at hiding sexual behaviors |
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162. Do children have sexual fantasies?
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Children as young as 4 and 5 have fantasies w/ erotic content
Between age 6 and 10 children can be physically aroused by thinking about these fantasies |
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163. When do children start engaging in sexual contact?
What are the rates of sexual contact? What's wrong with these rates though |
At age of 6 engage in variety of heterosexual and homosexual play
Still cite Kinsey's data (57% for men and 46% of women) Studies are retrospective and many reasons why recollections of childhood memories may not be accurate |
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164. How do boys and girls exhibit same-sex sexual behaviors?
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Exhibit them as they move through childhood from casual rubbing and contact during horseplay to more focused attention on the genitals
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165. What is a sexual script?
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The sum total of a person's internalized knowledge about sexuality
Sexual script can have different themes, depending on the sexual ideas and values communicated to the child by the culture and his or her specific environment |
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166. What relationships affect what we learn about sexuality as children and pre-
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1. Relationships w/ parents and caretakers
-sex play is normal 2. Relationship with Peers -same-sex peers -other-sex peers -sibling sex |
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167. When do children prefer same-sex peers?
What about same-sex experimentation during childhood? |
During middle school
Often initial sexual experimentation takes place among preadolescences of the same sex Same-sex experimentation is common in childhood |
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168. When do children notice other-sex peers?
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As early as 11 they can begin but usually happens toward end of this period
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169. Is sibling contact usually?
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Childhood sexual contact w/ siblings (cousins) is common
Usually involves mutual curiosity (can be abusive though) 17% of college kids reported sibling sexual contact before age 13 |
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170. When does adolescence begin?
What is it? When does it end? |
Begins after onset of puberty
It is in part our emotional and cognitive reaction to puberty Ends when person achieves "adulthood" signified by sense of individual identity and ability to cope w/ internal and external problems |
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171. What are the three major stages of physiological development?
What does puberty mark? |
1. Prenatal sexual differentiation
2. Puberty 3. Menopause Marks the transition from sexual immaturity to maturity and the start of reproductive ability |
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172. When does puberty occur in boys and girls?
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Girls: between 8 and 13
-menarche at mean age of 12 Boys: between 9 and 14 -semenarche at mean age of 13 |
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173. What is body image?
What can result in the average adolescent have a negative body image |
A person's feelings and mental picture of his or her own body's beauty
Beginning of sexual exploitation, changing bodies, and peer pressure |
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174. What changes do females go through?
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Breast buds
Pubic hair Widening of hips Rounding of physique *adolescent's body is adding oily skin, fat, sweat, and odor |
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175. What is the sign of maturity for a girl?
What about for a boy? |
Ovulation/menstruation
-not assoc w/ sexual pleasure but rather cramps and possible embarrassment -occurs late in puberty Spermatogensis/ejaculation -pleasurable experience -occurs early in puberty (can even precede secondary sexual characteristics) |
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176. What is a nocturnal emission?
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Involuntary ejaculation during sleep, also referred to as a "wet dream"
May have not association w/ sexuality |
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177. Describe the male maturation cycel?
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At average age 10, hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteninizing hormone (LH) |
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178. What does LH do?
What does FSH do? What does testosterone do? What kind of feedback is this? |
Stimulates production of testosterone
Stimulate sperm production Testosterone w/ LH stimulates sperm production *testosterone also induces testes to fully mature Negative feedback system |
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179. When does spermatogensis begin?
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12 yrs
Ejaculation of mature sperm occurs 1 to 1.5 yrs later |
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180. What is andropause?
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The hormonal changes accompanying old age in men that corresponds to menopause in women (has less define set of symptoms)
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181. What are some symptoms of andropause?
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1. Spermatogenesis decreases
2. Ejaculate becomes thinner and ejaculatory pressure decreases 3. Reduced testosterone productions resulting in -decreased muscle strength -decreased libido -easy fatigue -mood disturbances 4. Osteoporosis and anemia |
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182. What are the three basic sex hormones?
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Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
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183. Where is estrogen produced?
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In ovaries under influence of pituitary gland
Small amount also produced in adrenal gland of both men and women Large amounts are also produced by placenta of pregnant women |
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184. What does estrogen cause in females?
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1. Breasts begin to develop
2. Reproductive organs mature 3. Secondary sex characteristics |
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185. What are the secondary sex characteristics?
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1. Breast development
2. Skeletal growth stops 3. Broadening of pelvis 4. Pubic hair develops (and under arm growth) 5. Skin becomes smoother and more vascular 6. Increase muscular development (not nearly as much as boys though) 7. Increased resistance to disease 8. Higher production of WBC 9. Resistance to hearth and circulation problems 10. Enhanced salt and water metabolism 11. Enhanced sense of smell 12. More positive, happier mood |
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186. Where is progesterone produced?
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By corpus luteum (develops in ovaries after egg is released)
Corpus luteum produces progesterone for several days after ovulation unless egg is fertilized Also produced in small quantities by adrenal glands in men and women |
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187. What happens to progesterone production if the corpus luteum is fertilized?
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It continues to produce progesterone until this function is taken over by the placenta during pregnancy
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188. What does progesterone do?
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1. Prepares uterus for implantation
2. Causes breasts to swell 3. Increased protein metabolism 4. Salt and water metabolic effects (responsible for swelling near end of cycle) 5. Act as a tranquilizer 6. Anesthetic in large doses |
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189. What hormone levels are increased in adolescent girls?
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Estrogen
*most increased level Progesterone Androgen (like testosterone) *only slightly increased |
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190. What is the most important androgen?
Where is it mostly produced? |
Testosterone
Produced in testes of the male |
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191. What are the physical effects of testosterone?
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1. Penis, testes, and other sexual organs develop and mature
2. Lowering of the voice 3. Growth of pubic hair, chest hair, and facial hair 4. Thickening of skin 5. Strengthening and thickening of bones 6. Increased muscular development 7. Increased metabolism 8. Higher red blood cell count 9. Can also cause baldness or decreased head hair 10. Possible link to prostate cancer |
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192. How can the effects of testosterone in adult men be minimized or eliminated?
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Castrated before puberty (this means testes are removed)
If accidentally castrated, give hormone injections (still can't father child thought) |
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193. What will hormone injections do to a castrated male?
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If started during adolescence, he will look like other adult males and have all the male secondary sex characteristics
Still w/o testes he can't father a child |
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194. When are the "sex hormones" highest?
What is menopause and when does it occur? |
Males: adolescence and early 20's
Females: late teens and early 20's (begin to noticeably drop in women over 30) Between ages of 45 to 55 and this is when hormone levels drop to very low levels and menstruation stops |
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195. How do estrogen and testosterone work with one another?
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Appear to work in opposition to one another
This may be most evident in terms of psychological effects of the hormones (more so than in physical characteristics) |
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196. In males what two things are testosterone related to?
What studies have lead to this conclusion? |
Sexual arousal and physical aggressiveness
1. General relationship between testosterone levels and sexual interest 2. Testosterone levels follow a daily cycle 3. Effects of castration 4. Testosterone therapy to increase sexual interest and potency |
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197. What is the general relationship between testosterone levels and sexual interest?
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1. Studies indicate adolescent boys w/ higher testosterone levels are more interested in sex and are more sexually active
2. This relationship is more clear-cut in adolescents than in older men -difficult to predict levels of sexual activity in men over 30 based on testosterone level |
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198. How do the testosterone levels in an adult man follow a daily cycle?
What is interesting about this? |
1. Levels tend to be highest in early morning
2. Levels decline until middle of day (then begin to gradually rise) Most people have sex when testosterone levels are relatively low - this shows how many factor determine sexual behavior in addition to sexual arousal |
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199. What are the effects of castration?
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Before puberty
-fail to develop secondary male sexual characteristics -have little interest in sex After puberty: -develop secondary sex characteristics -generally show less interest in sex than before losing balls |
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200. What is chemical castration?
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A chemical counteracts the effects of natural testosterone (show less sexual arousal)
Possible treatment for sex criminals |
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201. How are we seeing examples of testosterone on normal individuals?
What is one complication with this data? |
More people take steroids (often testosterone)
These drugs are not medically regulated so often have differing chemical compositions |
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202. What are the effects of testosterone-like drugs?
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1. Natural testosterone production in body shuts down
2. Testes shrink in size 3. Sperm production may be decreased or stopped |
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203. What is a non-hormonal reason for why testosterone levels would be more correlated w/ sexuality and aggressiveness in younger rather than older men?
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1. Older men may be less likely to act on aggressive urges due to job or family pressures
2. They may be more accustomed to these internal urges, and therefore are not as affected |
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204. Why might sex occur more often in the evening than in the morning?
|
1. Conditioned to think of sex as an evening activity
2. Have more leisure time for sex in the evenings (rushing in morning) 3. Might not feel attractive upon first waking 4. More privacy in evenings |
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205. What physical characteristics would identify a man with a particularly high sex drive?
|
1. Muscular
2. Balding with heavy beard 3. Deep voice 4. Loss of chest hair *physical signs of high testosterone |
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206. What are the effects of testosterone in women?
How is this seen? |
Generally higher levels associated with higher levels of sexual feelings
1. Women with naturally higher testosterone report having more sex drive 2. Testosterone administration leads to more sexual aggressive feelings in women 3. With menopause, testosterone levels decline but not as much as female hormones |
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207. Why is it harder to look at the effects of testosterone in women?
|
There is a monthly estrogen/ progesterone cycle
There is also a monthly testosterone cycle where it's slightly higher in middle of cycle For women it's the ratio of estrogen to testosterone which seems influence sexual and aggressive feelings |
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208. Where does the data for testosterone administration to women come from?
|
Based upon women with ovarian cancer who are given testosterone to counteract some effects of the cancer
These women, who are very ill, still report feeling sexier |
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209. How is testosterone and menopause related?
What are the results? |
Testosterone becomes more dominant in their bodies
Women tend to have stronger sexual feelings -report feeling more sexy in late 30's to 40's and even into their 50's |
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210. What evidence is there for environmental effects upon hormone levels in the female reproductive system?
|
Studies w/ rats show:
-maturation is stimulated by presence of male rats -isolated females never reach sexual maturity -mature females show suppression of estrous cycles if no males are present *These effects have often been attributed to pheromone |
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211. What evidence is there for environmental or behavioral control of hormones in men?
|
In animals, presence of sexually receptive female causes increases in their testosterone production
For men, even thinking about sex can increase testosterone Increase in testosterone after having intercourse |
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212. What are some other situational factors influence hormone levels?
|
1. Stress or sickness can lower sexual arousal and can directly cause lowered testosterone levels
2. Alcohol lowers effectiveness of testosterone when used in large doses over period of time 3. Chronic use of large amounts of pot or alcohol may also cause decreases in testosterone levels |
