Human Sexuality

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is an individual's identification with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their biological sex.

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TRANSSEXUAL

Transsexualism is stigmatized in many parts of the world but has become more widely known in Western culture in the mid to late 20th century, concurrently with the sexual revolution and the development of sex reassignment surgery (SRS).

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a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles.

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TRANSGENDER

Transgender is the state of one's "gender identity" (self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching one's "assigned sex" (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex). "Transgender" does not imply any specific form of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, polysexual, or asexual; some may consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable.

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the practice of cross-dressing, which is wearing clothing traditionally associated with the opposite sex.

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TRANSVESTITE

refers to a person who cross-dresses; however, the word often has additional connotations

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in humans and other animals, is the presence of intermediate or atypical combinations of physical features that usually distinguish female from male. This is usually understood to be congenital, involving chromosomal, morphologic, genital and/or gonadal anomalies, such as diversion from typical XX-female or XY-male presentations, e.g., sex reversal (XY-female, XX-male), genital ambiguity, or sex developmental differences.

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INTERSEX

An intersex individual may have biological characteristics of both the male and the female sexes. Intersexuality as a term was adopted by medicine during the 20th century, and applied to human beings whose biological sex cannot be classified as clearly male or female. Intersex was initially adopted by intersex activists who criticize traditional medical approaches to sex assignment and seek to be heard in the construction of new approaches

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the German name for a condition which affects a woman's ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual intercourse, insertion of tampons, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. This is the result of a reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle, which is sometimes referred to as the "PC muscle". The reflex causes the muscles in the vagina to tense suddenly, which makes any kind of vaginal penetration—including sexual intercourse—painful or impossible.

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VAGINISMUS

A woman suffering from vaginismus does not consciously control the spasm. The vaginismic reflex can be compared to the response of the eye shutting when an object comes towards it. The severity of vaginismus and the pain during penetration, including sexual penetration, varies from woman to woman.

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Translated as “large lips,” this flap of skin protects the vagina from foreign particles.

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LABIA MAJORA

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The “small lips” also surround and protect the vaginal opening and are located inside the labia majora.

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LABIA MINORA

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The fatty mound of tissue that covers the pubic bone in females. Often called the "mons."

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MONS PUBIS

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ACCESSORY GLANDS

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There are several glands that work together to produce semen, or seminal fluid. Sperm can live inside the female reproductive system for up to 48 hours, and seminal fluid helps the sperm move around and stay nourished. The seminal vesicle produces a fluid that provides energy to the sperm as they seek out the female sex cell, or the egg. The prostate gland makes a different fluid that helps the sperm move more quickly through the female reproductive system. Another set of glands, called bulbourethral or Cowper's glands, makes a small quantity of fluid that helps protect the sperm on its way through the urethra by neutralizing any leftover traces of acidic urine.

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a gynecologist who invented the Kegel Perineometer (used for measuring vaginal air pressure) and Kegel exercises (squeezing of the muscles of the pelvic floor) as non-surgical treatment of genital relaxation.

First published his ideas in 1948. He was Assistant Professor of Gynecology at the University of Southern California School of Medicine.

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ARNOLD KEGEL

Today pelvic floor exercises are widely held as first-line treatment for urinary stress incontinence and female genital prolapse, with evidence supporting its use from systematic reviews of randomized trials in the Cochrane Library amongst others.

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Research team that pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s.

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MASTERS & JOHNSON

Their findings, particularly on the nature of female sexual arousal (for example, describing the mechanisms of vaginal lubrication and debunking the earlier widely-held notion that vaginal lubrication originated from the cervix) and orgasm (showing that the physiology of orgasmic response was identical whether stimulation was clitoral or vaginal, and proving that some women were capable of being multiorgasmic), dispelled many long standing misconceptions.

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A pioneer in the field of sex therapy and founder of the country's first clinic for sexual disorders established at a medical school.

She was noted for her efforts to combine some of the insights and techniques of psychoanalysis with behavioral methods.
She agreed with others in the field that sexual difficulties often had superficial origins. But she held that, in case an unconscious conflict lay at the root of the disorder, it could indicate deep emotional problems and require the therapist to resort to more analytical means.

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HELEN SINGER KAPLAN

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Developer of The Kinsey Scale, which attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of his or her sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. In both the Male and Female volumes of the Kinsey Reports, an additional grade, listed as "X", was used for asexuality.

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Alfred Kinsey

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Masters and Johnson: Four Phase model of sexual response

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• Excitement (initial arousal)
• Plateau (full arousal, not orgasm)
• Orgasm
• Resolution (after orgasm)

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the tendency to be sexually attracted to persons of the same sex, the opposite sex, both sexes, or neither sex. Includes: erotic attraction, sexual behavior, emotional attachment, and definition of self.

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Sexual Orientation

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the way in which an individual identifies with a gender category

also influenced by the social learning theory, which assumes that children develop their gender identity through observing and imitating gender-linked behaviors, and then being rewarded or punished for behaving that way.

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GENDER IDENTITY

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the “aversion to some or all of those physical characteristics or social roles that connote one’s own biological sex”

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GENDER DYSPHORIA

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PLISSIT Model
of Sex Therapy

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• P = permission: give clients permission to discuss sexual issues, normalize thoughts, feelings, Bx
• LI= limited information: involves psychoeducation i.e., impact of medical or medications on sexual functioning
• SS= specific suggestions: homework assignments
• IT = Intensive Therapy: used if the first three levels don’t work

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a state of responsiveness to sensory stimulation or excitability.

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AROUSAL

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Kaplan's Three-Stage Model of the Human Sexual Response Cycle

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• Desire: Neuro- and psychological sensation for initiating sexual activity and upon which sexual stimulation then builds.

• Excitement phase: Similar to Masters and Johnson

• Orgasm Phase: Similar to Masters and Johnson’s model orgasm + resolution phase eg. reversal of vasocongestion, release of muscular tension

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Psychologist Jack Annon developed this model (1976) illustrating the fact that most people with sexual problems do not need an intensive course of therapy.

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PLISSIT Model

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The vulva consists of:

(a) Labia, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
(b) Clitoris, labia, mons veneris, vagina.
(c) Mostly external female sexual structures and a few internal ones.
(d) The external female sexual structures.

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The External Female
Sexual Structures

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Dyspareunia

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Genital pain during intercourse

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CERTS: Necessary Conditions for Positive Sexual Experiences for Survivors of Sexual Abuse

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Consent
Equality
Respect
Trust
Safety

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True or False:

Disparity in desire levels between partners is an indicator that their relationship has failed.

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FALSE

The tension caused by this disparity can subside when partners learn to tolerate anxiety about the relationship and take the opportunity to grow.