Human Sex Final

Front 1

Agenda Setting

Back 1

In communications theory, the idea that the media define what is important and what is not by which stories they cover.

Front 2

Cultivation

Back 2

In communications theory, the view that exposure to the mass media makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what really occurs.

Front 3

Culture

Back 3

Traditional ideas and values passed down from generation to generation within a group and transmitted to members of the group by symbols (such as language).

Front 4

Ethnocentrism

Back 4

The tendency to regard one's own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and way of life are the standards by which other cultures should be judged.

Front 5

Gender

Back 5

The state of being male or female

Front 6

Incest taboo

Back 6

A regulation prohibiting sexual interaction between blood relatives, such as brother and sister or father and daughter.

Front 7

Latinos

Back 7

People of Latin American heritage.

Front 8

Masturbation

Back 8

Self-stimulation of the genitals to produce sexual arousal.

Front 9

Sexual behavior

Back 9

Behavior that produces arousal and increases the chance of orgasm

Front 10

Social Learning

Back 10

In communications theory, the idea that the media provide role models whom we imitate.

Front 11

The religion of which group of people believed that homosexuality and heterosexuality occurred because the original humans were double creatures with twice the normal number of limbs and organs

Back 11

ancient Greeks

Front 12

A surprise finding of Clelia Mosher's survey of 47 women living in the Victorian era showed that a majority:

Back 12

enjoyed sex

Front 13

________ founded the first sex research institute and administered the first large-scale sex survey in Germany

Back 13

Magnus Hirschfeld

Front 14

Henry Havelock Ellis:
A) founded psychiatry and psychoanalysis.
B) believed that sexual deviations from the norm are often harmless.
C) published PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS.
D) established the first journal devoted to the study of sex.

Back 14

b) believed that sexual deviations from the norm are often harmless.

Front 15

An anthropologist who studied sexual behavior in other cultures was

Back 15

Margaret Mead

Front 16

The finding that college students who watch soap operas on television are more likely than nonviewing students to overestimate the incidence of divorce is an example of:

Back 16

cultivation.

Front 17

Taboos against incest:

Back 17

are nearly universal.

Front 18

Which of the following statements is supported by cross-cultural research on variations in sexual techniques?
A) Kissing is common in most societies.
B) Cunnilingus occurs only in Western societies.
C) The frequency of intercourse for married couples remains fairly constant from one culture to the next.
D) Most societies encourage people to engage in intercourse at particular times.

Back 18

A) Kissing is common in most societies.

Front 19

Which of the following is a general rule emerging from cross-cultural studies on homosexuality?
A) Same-gender sexuality is found in only a few societies.
B) Males are more likely to engage in same-gender sexual behavior than females.
C) Same-gender sexual behavior is the predominant form of sexual behavior for adults in many societies.
D) Females are more likely to engage in same-gender sexual behavior than males.

Back 19

B) Males are more likely to engage in same-gender sexual behavior than females.

Front 20

Data on social class variations in sexuality in the United States indicate:

A) the more educated the respondents, the less likely they are to have masturbated within the last year.
B) most persons who do not engage in oral sex are from the highest educational groups.
C) the percentage of people who have had two or more sex partners is about the same at all educational levels.
D) women with advanced degrees are less likely to have an abortion than those who did not complete high school.

Back 20

C) the percentage of people who have had two or more sex partners is about the same at all educational levels.

Front 21

The marriage rate is LOWEST in which of the following American ethnic groups?
A) White Americans
B) African Americans
C) Latinos
D) Asian Americans

Back 21

B) African Americans

Front 22

Abortion is considered ethical among some Asian American groups because:
A) Asian societies are traditionally repressive about sexuality.
B) Japanese Americans have a high incidence of multiple sex partners.
C) it has been traditionally viewed in China as desirable in order to avoid mass starvation.
D) Asian Americans tend to marry later than other ethnic

Back 22

C) it has been traditionally viewed in China as desirable in order to avoid mass starvation.

Front 23

Which of the following behaviors has been found to be uniquely human?
A) masturbation
B) same-gender sexual behavior
C) female orgasm
D) none of these

Back 23

D) none of these

Front 24

Sociobiology

Back 24

The application of evolutionary biology to understanding the social behavior of animals, including humans.

Front 25

Evolution

Back 25

A theory that all living things have acquired their present forms through gradual changes in their genetic endowment over successive generations.

Front 26

Natural selection

Back 26

A process in nature resulting in greater rates of survival of those plants and animals that are adapted to their environment.

Front 27

Sexual selection

Back 27

Selection that results from differences in traits affecting access to mates.

Front 28

Evolutionary psychology

Back 28

The study of psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by natural selection.

Front 29

Psychoanalytic theory

Back 29

A psychological theory originated by Sigmund Freud; it contains a basic assumption that part of human personality is unconscious.

Front 30

Libido (lih-BEE-doh)

Back 30

In psychoanalytic theory, the term for the sex energy or sex drive.

Front 31

Id

Back 31

According to Freud, the part of the personality containing the libido.

Front 32

Ego

Back 32

According to Freud, the part of the personality that helps the person have realistic, rational interactions.

Front 33

Superego

Back 33

According to Freud, the part of the personality containing the conscience.

Front 34

Erogenous (eh-RAH-jen-us) zones

Back 34

Areas of the body that are particularly sensitive to sexual stimulation.

Front 35

Oedipus (EH-di-pus) complex

Back 35

According to Freud, the sexual attraction of a little boy to his mother.

Front 36

Electra (eh-LEK-tra) complex

Back 36

According to Freud, the sexual attraction of a little girl to her father.

Front 37

Classical conditioning

Back 37

The learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response. Eventually the conditioned stimulus itself will evoke the response.

Front 38

Operant (OP-ur-unt) conditioning

Back 38

The process of changing the frequency of a behavior (the operant) by following it with positive reinforcement (which will make the behavior more frequent in the future) or punishment (which should make the behavior less frequent in the future).

Front 39

Behavior modification

Back 39

A set of operant conditioning techniques used to modify human behavior.

Front 40

Extinction

Back 40

The process of repeatedly pairing a behavior with an aversive stimulus, leading to a decline in the frequency of the behavior.

Front 41

Self-efficacy

Back 41

A sense of competence at performing an activity.

Front 42

Social exchange theory

Back 42

A theory, based on the principle of reinforcement, that assumes that people will choose actions that maximize rewards and minimize costs.

Front 43

Schema (SKEE-muh)

Back 43

A general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic.

Front 44

Medicalization of sexuality

Back 44

The process by which certain sexual behaviors or conditions are defined in terms of health and illness, and problematic experiences or practices are given medical treatment.

Front 45

Symbolic interaction theory

Back 45

A theory based on the premise that human nature and the social order are products of communication among people.

Front 46

The observation by sociobiologists that an offspring's chances of survival are greatly increased if the parents love each other is an example of:
A) sexual selection.
B) attachment.
C) pair-bonding.
D) classical conditioning.

Back 46

C) pair-bonding.

Front 47

Which of the theories emphasizes genetic control of human sexual behaviors most?
A) psychoanalytic theory
B) sociobiology
C) learning theory
D) cognitive psychology

Back 47

B) sociobiology

Front 48

Research on "sexual strategies":
A) is an outgrowth of sociological perspectives on sexuality.
B) emphasizes that males and females face similar adaptive problems in short- and long-term mating.
C) emphasizes that males tend to choose both short- and long-term mating partners with similar characteristics, whereas females choose differently for casual sex than for long-term mating.
D) none of these.

Back 48

B) emphasizes that males and females face similar adaptive problems in short- and long-term mating.

Front 49

In Freud's theory, which of the following personality structures operates according to the "pleasure principle"?
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) Freudian slip

Back 49

A) id

Front 50

Which of the following was NOT part of Freud's view of personality development and sexuality?
A) the Oedipus complex
B) penis envy
C) castration anxiety
D) womb envy

Back 50

D) womb envy

Front 51

Which of the following is the key feature of Freud's work to which feminists object?
A) He derived his data almost exclusively from his work with patients who sought therapy from him.
B) His theory may provide more of a view into disturbances of the human personality.
C) He argued that women are anatomically inferior to men because they lack a penis.
D) He argued that clitoral orgasms are more mature than vaginal orgasms.

Back 51

C) He argued that women are anatomically inferior to men because they lack a penis.

Front 52

Olfactory aversion therapy is an example of a:
A) psychoanalytic treatment for sexual fixations.
B) social learning intervention for modifying gender identity.
C) behavior modification technique for decreasing problematic sexual behaviors.
D) cognitive psychology technique for addressing problematic sexual behaviors.

Back 52

C) behavior modification technique for decreasing problematic sexual behaviors.

Front 53

Which of the following is a basic assumption of learning theorists?
A) Sexual behavior can be learned and changed at any time in one's lifespan.
B) The determinants of human sexual behavior occur in early childhood.
C) The appropriateness or inappropriateness of a particular sexual behavior is universally determined.
D) All of these.

Back 53

A) Sexual behavior can be learned and changed at any time in one's lifespan.

Front 54

Which of the following is a basic assumption of cognitive psychology?
A) What we think influences what we feel.
B) Psychological distress is often a result of unpleasant thoughts that are usually not tuned to reality.
C) Perception, labeling, and evaluating events are crucial.
D) All of these.

Back 54

A) What we think influences what we feel.

Front 55

Which of the following is a basic assumption of sociologists?
A) Every society regulates the sexuality of its members.
B) Basic institutions of society have little effect on sexuality.
C) The appropriateness or inappropriateness of a particular sexual behavior is universally determined.
D) All of these

Back 55

A) Every society regulates the sexuality of its members.

Front 56

The phrase _____ refers to men and women who travel to other countries and purchase sexual gratification from "exotic" sex workers.
A) sexual role-playing
B) sexual scripts
C) sexual tourism
D) procreational ideology

Back 56

C) sexual tourism

Front 57

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the legal system as an influence on sexuality?
A) The legal system is an example of a "subcultural-level" influence on sexuality.
B) Laws typically reflect the interests of the less powerful groups within a society.
C) Laws are the basis for mechanisms of social control.
D) All of these.

Back 57

C) Laws are the basis for mechanisms of social control.

Front 58

Reiss's sociological theory of sexuality holds that:
A) sexuality is defined as erotic and genital responses produced by the cultural scripts of a society.
B) all societies seek to maintain social order through stable kinship systems.
C) powerful groups in any society generally seek to control the sexuality of the less powerful.
D) all of these.

Back 58

D) all of these.