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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rise of the CCP
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-Strong base in North China, esp. with local peasants
-Gained favor with land reform, rules of discipline, and party persuasion -Speak Bitterness--turn peasant fear into political motivation, incite hate of landlords -once in power, goals were increased agricultural production (for industry) and stopping inflation |
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how did Chinese culture develop?
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developed laregly in isolation; tended towards unification
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Confucius
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emphasized on ideal and proper principles of society
emphasized on living by ren (humanity that is developed) by knowing the li (propriety) |
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First Fiver Year Plan
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1953-1957
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Thought Reform
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-1951
-Mao feared intellectuals -reeducation campaign targeted at intellectuals to teach them party ideals -cleansing process to make them worthy of Mao |
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Great Leap Forward launched
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May 1958 ended June 1960
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Permanent Revolution
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-Mao thought gradual development would lead to the end of the revolution and free market capitalism
-by making ideology at the focus, it would keep the revolution from stopping |
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Great Leap Forward
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1958-1960
Increased investment Huge targets people moved out of ag into industry communes created industry "walking on two legs" material incentives abolished spike in morality 30 million excess deaths worst famine |
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Launch of Cultural Revolution and officially ended in 1969
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1966 after attack on Wu Han in press
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Cultural Revolution
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1966-1976
Students and radicals overthrow capitalists and take over society mobilization of young people |
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Great Leap Forward
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-Millions of people working hard would lead to rapid growth
-Manpower is China's greatest resource -Peasants have two good qualities: ignorant and desperate -Materials taken from useful projects to fuel backyard steel production--waste leads to decrease in productivity -20-30 million people die -leads to discontent of cadres who tended to themselves in desperation |
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Problems with China in 1949
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huge country, crime (opium addiction), communication, economy (inflation and no currency, bad agriculture), taking out western powers (reliance on USSR), literacy and starvation
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People's Communes
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-30,000 people each
-based on hours worked; led to decrease in productivity -became self sufficient-no bureaucratic oversite -present false productivity numbers:prevents gov't from enacting reforms |
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Treaty of Nanjing
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August 29, 1842, signed by Cornwallis
Ended the opium war in China. China agreed to a fixed tariff for Britain, and China had to cede Hong Kong. |
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Mao Zedong thought based on
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self reliance, continuing revolution, class struggle, role of peasants, role of party and mass mobilisation
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Early Solutions of Mao's government
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Bring down inflation, sieze foreign assets, nationalise banks, gas, electricity and transport, establish new system of government, introduce renminbi, unify China
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The May Fourth Movement
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1919
Protested against Treaty of Versailles, which granted German possessions in Qingdao to Japan. One of the most important political movements led by many officials at Beijing University. Led by Li Dazhao, Beijing U librarian |
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Cultural Revolution
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-Mao sees the party as corrupt and decides to purge it
-turns to the masses (the Red Guard) -PLA becomes a political player -PLA publishes "Quotations of Mao" |
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Mao’s government was structured around
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CCP, central government and PLA
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Mao controlled China through
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Cult of personality, PLA (kept law and order, propaganda, cadres), government and local CCP, terror and repression
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Cult of personality propaganda through…
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posters, books of his quotes, songs, operas and films / served purpose of creating loyalty to Mao
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Chang Kai Shek
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1887-1975
Sun Yat Sen's student. Studied in USSR. Became president of first military academy, Whampoa. In 1928, formed Nationalist government in Nanjing, purged Communist members. Busy fighting Communists during Japanese invasion of China. Plead to League of Nations for help. |
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Land Reform
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(1950-52)Approximately 700,000 executions and killings of landlords.About 40% of cultivate land was redistributed and 60% of the population benefitted.
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Deng Xiaoping
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-pragmatist: economic development is first priority, not ideology
-FOUR MODERNIZATIONS: agriculture, industry, defense, and science -economic reform included privitization: increased productivity -abandoned communes: who would take over their roles -privitization led to unemployment, increased taxes by local cadres, corruption -slimmed down but modernized military |
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Kang Youwei
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1858-1927, Emperor Guangxu's tutor
Inspired by Utopian ideas and surely the 100 day reform: no nations governments popularly elected parental education, nurseries school for children adults assigned to work in agriculture hospitals and homes for sick and old public dorms and dining halls special awards for inventors, etc dead cremated |
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First Five Year Plan
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(1953-57)
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Collectivisation led to…
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Greater CCP control rurally and some peasants better off foodwise
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Dr. Sun Yat Sen
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1866-1925
Father of the Chinese Revolution. Studied in USA, became Christian. Formed Saving China Association. Sold printed Chinese Bibles. Worked with General Huang Xing to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Assumed office as provisional president after the 1911 Revolution, but he wasn't even in China. Established the Three People's Principles (Nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood) |
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Positive Industrial results of FFYP
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Almost all production exceeded targets such as Coal, steel, cement, electricity, trucks, machines and bicycles all exceeded production targets.
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Negative Industrial results of FFYP
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Only Locomotives and insecticide and a couple of others failed to meet targets.
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Failures of FFYP
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Many workers illiterate and poorly trained and freedom restricted, consumer goods neglected, huge loans to USSR owed
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General FFYP successes
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Living standards rose, workers had greater income and job security
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Why launch GLF
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FFYP not agriculturally succesful and more food needed for industrialisation. Also allowed peasants to partake in revolution
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Mao Zedong
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1893 - 1976, Hunan Province
Discontent against intellectuals. Led long march (1934-1935). Tried to give more power to poor peasants, cadres distributed food. |
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GLF Failure
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Weather conditions; flood south and drought north, anti-rightist campaign purged many experts, waste of work, USSR withdrew experts, grain exported.
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There was a huge famine across China in the years
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1959-62. Around 20 million people died in this time period even in Beijing the death rate rose 250%. Half those dead under 10 and suicies 250,000
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Social results of GLF
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Prostitution, banditry and cannabalism (re)emerged. State violence increase, communism less trusted
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Traditional views of women
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Patriarchal, women oppressed with foot binding and lack of education. Arranged marriages, dowry, prostitution, concubinage
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Women under mao
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in labour force increased from 8% to 32% under Mao. Percentage of female deputies in National People’s congress increased from 14% in 1954 to 23% in 1975. Prostitution stamped out.
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Marriage Law of 1950…
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outlawed arranged marriages, payment of dowries, bigamy and concubinage. It also allowed divorces to be attained much easier and gave property rights to women, equal rights as men
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Failures of Women's rights;
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Only 13% CCP membership was female, patriarchal society wouldn’t change quickly, innapropriate labour, Mao had concubines, family life destroyed in GLF, famine brought back old attitudes
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Why did Mao focus on education?
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Literacy essential for indoctrination and good workforce for economic development
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New language
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Introduced in 1955 a new form of mandarin that could be written and understood by all dialects and regions
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Health before 1949
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Water-born diseases prevelant, worm infestation and lack of sanitation, many on fringe of starvation. Only hospitals in cities nothing rurally
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Helath reform through
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Mass campaigns such as Patriotic Health Camapaign for sanitation and hygeine
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Health successes
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Helathier population generally, Death rates gradually declined, drinking water improved, peasants educated on causes of diseases,
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Health care provision under Mao
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Urban hospitals, paramedics at villages, towns had health centre and county hospitals had doctors, barefoot doctors provided rural care
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Helath care help in rural
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Barefoot doctors and Rural Cooperative Medical Schemes
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The Cultural Revolution was…
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A struggle to change culture, a power struggle in CCP, a rectification campaign
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CR: struggle to remould culture…
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art, literature to socialist, attack on non-socialist literature (Proletarian writers for purity), culture struggle was class struggle
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CR: power struggle in CCP…
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Mao wanted his inluence in CCP, Mao didn't think Liu or Deng were socialist they were purged, many in CCP were purged Mao took total control
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CR: rectification campaign…
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authority taking capitalist road, Mao mobilised millions, Mao felt cadres too comfortable, personality cult put Mao at centre of continuing revolution
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Four olds
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old culture, old customs, old ideas and old habits
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Events of CR
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Mao created and sent Red Guards to destory four olds, set up adult red guards, set up revolutionary comittees, purged Deng Liu and many others, then installed PLA as most important
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Turning point of CR
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Politburo criticised CR as Mao limited red guards, Mao felt criticism showed need for CR and re-released the factional fighting
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What destroyed by CR
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books, museums, libraries, cultural centres
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Who was blamed for CR
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May 16th group…
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What were in control after CR and who involved
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Revolutionary committees with CCP officials, PLA and revolutionary rebels.
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Results of CR on youth and education
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Between 1968 and 1976 12m young people were sent to the countryside without formal education. Universities close 1966 for 2 years, middle schools closed for 8 months
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CR effect on Leisure/Culture
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Leisure replaced with violence denounciations, scholars and writers persecuted only media was propaganda (Red book)
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CR effect on family
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Destroted nuclear family, youth scattered post CR
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CCP ideas & life
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1) Gave land to peasants, lowered taxes
2) Outdated practices abolished [foot-binding, prostitution, child slavery] 3) Equality - officials lived in caves with people when bombs flatten Yanan |
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Peasants all like the communists. Then some of the city people go over to them too.
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Rapid inflation mean that people went on strike, reverted to robbery, and order collapsed and conditions worsened in cities.
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Communists announce the creation of the People's Republic of China
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1st October 1949
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Common Programme, 1949
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Promises revolution, land redistribution, industrialisation, civil rights, equal rights for women and all nationalities.
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Five things to know about the years of great change--
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1) Marriage Law [1950]
Arranged marriages, killing of unwanted female babies, marriage of children & bigamy outlawed. 2) Agrarian Reform Law -speak bitterness meetings -land given to everyone. 3) Mutual aid teams share animals & equipment 4) Thought Reform [1951] 5) Mass campaigns [Swat the fly] |
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5-YEAR-PLAN
Why? -- |
THE IDEA: To expand heavy industry.
BECAUSE: Peasants' farms were too small to be farmed efficiently. IDEOLOGICALLY: They didn't want the peasants to get concerned about profits. |
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1958-[1963]
Mao admits its failure in 1959 |
The Great Leap Forward
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The idea and seemingly-awesomeness of the Great Leap Forward
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-Mao thought he could harness the power of the people.
-The plan was to develop heavy AND light industry. - Muchos propaganda incl. posters, slogans, newspaper articles, loudpeakers play revolutionary music & speeches. |
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The actual uselessness and failure of the Great Leap Forward
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NOBODY HAD ANY FOOD.
1) Everyone was making backyard steel. Which was actually useless because everyone melted frying pans to make it. 2) Officials at each level of government exaggerated figures, meaning people were given generous meals and nobody knew the scale of the problem. |
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Great Leap Forward abandoned
-When? -What happened? |
-Late in 1960
1) Communes made smaller 2) Backyard steel abandoned 3) Peasants allowed private plots of land 4) And to sell part of their produce in a market for profit 5) City workers' wages increased |
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THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Part 1
-When? -Who? |
- Summer 1966
- Students and schoolchildren in Bejing [Called themselves Red Guards] |
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THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Part 2
-So what did the Red Guards do? [3] |
1) Mass parades.
2) Aimed to get rid of "four olds"- old culture, customs, ideas and habits. 3) Used violence. Attacked anything capitalist or bourgeois, [shaving western hairstyles, smashing luxuries] |
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THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Part 3
By 1967 law and order had broken down. - How did Mao try to restore order? |
1) September - Mao reopens schools and colleges
2) Where Red Guards are violent, PLA disiarms and disbands them. 3) Those in cities encouraged to "go down to the country" to re-educate themselves and learn from the peasants. 18 million young people did. |
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THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Part 4
By 1969 order was mostly restored & the cultural revolution was over. -Consequences [4] |
1) Moderates expelled from the party and Liu imprisoned.
2) Farming severely disrupted 3) Industrial output fell drastically 4) Education missed out on - by 1981 120 million people under 45 couldn't read or write. |
