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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Okonkwo?
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-Central character to story
-Born the son of a lazy man, so he works not to be like his father -Hard worker -Violent tendencies -Beats wives -Kills Ikemefuna -Legendary warrior -Known as a victorious wrestler -Beat Amalinze the Cat |
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Who is Nwoye?
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Nwoye
Son of Okonkwo Disliked by Okonkwo for being lazy |
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Who is Ikemefuna?
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-Taken from his village and forced to live with Okonkwo because of the death of an unrelated tribeswoman
-Secretly liked and mourned by Okonkwo -A positive role model of Nwoye -Killed by Okonkwo and the tribe at the order of the Oracle |
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Who is Ekwefi?
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-One of Okonkwo’s wives
-Ran away from first husband -Has only one daughter, Enzima, her other nine children died in infancy -Beaten by Okonkwo |
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Who is Enzima?
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-Enjoys taking food to her father, Okonkwo
-Okonkwo wishes she had been born a boy |
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What Human Rights Violations are in Things Fall Apart?
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Tribe go to war over death of a tribes member. In the past, tribes have participated in headhunting and Okonkwo is noted for drinking palm wine out of a human skull on important occassions
Ikemefuna and a virgin are taken from their tribe and moved to another, to pay the penalty for the death of another woman. Virgin is given to another tribe (like a possession). Ikemefuna is later killed by the tribe as penalty. This is order by a religious figure (the oracle). Okonkwo participates Okonkwo’s supper is not ready, so he beats his wife, Ojiugo. A penalty (fine & sacrafice) results because it is the week of peace. At other times, this would have been ok. Ekwefi beaten and shot at on other occassions Twins and sick (“swelling”) abandoned and left to die in forest Females are treated like second class citizens. Wives beaten Okonkwo wishes Enzima had been born a boy. Agbala refers to women, or men without titles Bride price may indicate women are possessions |
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Universalism
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-Universally valid and true principles and values are valid and true independent of social, political, economic, historical, religious, intellectual and cultural considerations and conditions.
-'The World Conference on Human Rights reaffirms the solemn commitment of all states to confirm their obligations to promote universal respect for, and observance and protection of, all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all in accordance with the Charter of the UN…The universal nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond question.’ -Strong universalism is based upon the claim that there exist a limited number of moral ideals and values that are universally valid even though these values and ideals have not been recognized as valid by everyone and everywhere. |
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Universal Human Rights Criticisms
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-How can we mandate some human rights when we can’t agree on some of them ourselves?
-Is torture right or wrong (US government said sometimes right) -How far do we go in our demands for economic justice? -United Nations Provision: Economic Justice contingent on the economic ability of each nation -Universal Rights are often just an excuse to promote cultural imperialism (the imposition of a foreign viewpoint on another people) -Motivated by ethnocentrism (judging another culture based upon the values and standards of one’s own culture) |
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Relativism
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-'Moral relativism…often takes the form of a denial that any single moral code has universal validity, and an assertion that moral truth and justifiability, if there are such things, are in some way relative to factors that are culturally and historically contingent.’ (David Wong, 1991, p.442)
-Emphasizes cultural origins of moral beliefs -Emphasizes cultural and moral diversity -Each culture is different, so human rights are going to be different |
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Cultural Relativism Criticisms
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-Problem is that a value may be in accordance to the internal standards of the culture, but contradict external (or “universal”) standards
-For example. among some tribal cultures, headhunting and cannibalism is perceived to be OK -If we follow cultural relativism, we may have to say that cannabalism is ok for that culture. -Some have argued that taken a step further, relativism would have not provided justification to fight Nazi’s |
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Weak Universalism/ Soft Relativism
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-There are no easy answers to human rights
-Human rights are based upon a number of cultural and religious elements -‘International human-rights institutions have generally accepted that universal human-rights standards ought to be interpreted differently in different cultural contexts.’ -Simultaneously calls attention to suffering and injustice, yet questions simplistic and imposing moralization that fails to recognize diverse and different opinions -Importance of context: Should the rights of women be cast in individualistic terms such as a right to formal education, a right to choose marital partners, a right to protection from domestic violence, and the like, or are there context specific rights such as group-based cultural rights that therefore warrant equal attention? -Some suggest International Human Rights Law to only minimal, allowing cultural groups to determine specifics Criticism Still not enough structure to enforce human rights |
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Soft Relativism Strategy: Homeomorphic Equivalents
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-Raimon Panikkar was an Indian Theologian and a priest
-If we examine non-Western cultures, it doesn’t make sense to ask whether that culture also has a concept of human rights. -We need to look for homeomorphic (functional) equivalents – concepts that serve the same societal function -How does another culture meet the equivalent human need? E.g., respect for human dignity. -In West, it may be by creating a concept of human (individual) rights. -In Hindi cultures, it may be by creating a concept of karma |
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Soft Relativism Strategy: Pragmatic Solidarism
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-Pragmatism focuses on that which is practical or useful to a culture (instead of emphasizing ideal values)
-We shouldn’t trespass other cultures on the basis of universal principles, but instead on the basis of values created within particular communities -Argued that the democracy provided by international forums allows for the voices of the marginalized to be addressed, without relying on claims for human rights -Also allows the voice of those who are marginalized within a society (i.e. women, people of color, those being killed) to represent their values, not just the values of the majority |
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The Social Construction of Reality
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-Most of what we experience as “real” is a cultural creation.
-It is made up, even though we don’t experience it that way -Not just made up in our minds, it is constructed in the social context -Social aspect verifies reality |
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Social Construction Stage 1: Identify the Object Being Observed
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-During this stage, we recognize the reality that is being observed
-No judgments or value statements are attributed to the object -Example: White people and black people have different color skin |
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Social Construction Stage 2: Value Judgments are Made About Objects
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-Individuals project meanings onto observed objects
AKA Externalization -In other words, judgments or value statements are attributed to observed objects -We create value based ideas about objects through social interaction. -These ideas may values or beliefs we hold about particular groups. They can even be material products or social institutions Example: Not just that people are of Asian descent, but that people of Asian descent are smarter than others Not just that men and women are of different genders, but that men are breadwinners, and that women are better equipped to care for children |
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Social Construction Stage 3: Values Become Fact
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-We create cultural products through social interaction.
-These products are often created based upon value judgments we have made -These cultural products may be material products, social institutions or values or beliefs concerning a particular group. -When these products are created, they become external to those who have produced them, becoming products outside ourselves AKA Objectivation -People lose awareness that they themselves are the authors of their social and cultural environment and of their interpretations of reality. -They feel as if the products have an objective existence Example: Jim Crow laws made racism an objective fact, along with beliefs |
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Social Construction Stage 4: Values Become Internalized
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-We learn the supposedly "objective facts" about the ideas and products that have been created.
-This occurs primarily through socialization, the process of social interaction in which one learns the ways of society and one's specific roles-- the sets of rules and expectations attached to a social position in that society. -In this stage we make these facts part of our consciousness, we respond to them with our actions and with our emotions. AKA Internalization -Because of this process of internalization, members of the same culture share an understanding of reality and rarely question the origins of their beliefs or the process through which these beliefs arose. -Example: Feelings of racism become ingrained within individuals |
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Social Construction and Genocide
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-First stage: Facts are observed
People have different religions -Second stage: Judgments are made about objects Muslims are seen as being worth less than Christians -Third stage: Ideas become facts Invasion of Muslim areas -Fourth stage: People internalize ideas Hatred of Muslims |
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Social Construction and Human Rights
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-First stage: Facts are observed
People exist -Second stage: Judgments are made about objects All people have the right to life -Third stage: Ideas become facts Enforced by law International Human Rights important component in process -Fourth stage: People internalize ideas Genocide viewed as horrendous act |
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Waves of Feminism
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-1st Wave Feminism (1850’s – 1920’s)
Focus: Right to Vote 19th Amendment (1920) – Women’s Right to Vote -2nd Wave Feminism (1925-1989) Focus: Right to Work and Reproductive Rights Equal Pay Act (1963) – aim was to abolish sex discrimination in employment and wage disparity based upon sex Roe v. Wade (1973) – Established woman’s right to have an abortion -3rd Wave Feminism (1990 – Present) Focus: Intersection of gender rights and race/ethnicity |
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Feminist Standpoint Theory Tenet: Women Devalued
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-Women’s different lives have been erroneously devalued and neglected
-Women’s rights have been violated -In a male dominated world, women are outsiders to the social order -Human rights have typically established the rights of men |
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Feminist Standpoint Theory Tenet: Dualisms
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-Women’s identities are not just defined based upon their lives as women, but also in their struggle to overcome and adapt to a male dominated culture
-Women are not just outsiders, but also “outsiders within” in how they are members of a group whose rights have been violated, and in how they have had to adapt to the dominant social order -Women’s standpoint comes from mediating ideological dualisms about nature and social relationships |
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Feminist Standpoint Theory Tenet: Unique Views
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-Men’s standpoints represent only a partial view of reality
-Women’s perspective is from the other side of the “battle of the sexes”, that women engage on a daily basis -Standpoints of women are different from men, often due to unfair power differentials – these standpoints offer vital insights into nature of reality -When it comes to recognizing women’s human rights abuses, women’s views are more objective, because they have seen it first hand -Women’s perspective is from everyday life, and should be the starting place for knowledge rather than from members of the dominant group -Diverse perspectives must be recognized to achieve better understanding of reality |
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Key Traits: Indigenous
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-Distinct from prevailing societies based upon social, cultural, and economic conditions
-Occupied territory before colonization -Non-dominant in today’s society/nation -Determined to preserve, develop and transmit: Ancestral lands, Ethnic identity, Cultural patterns, & Language -Retain some of their own social, economic cultural and political institutions -Tribal and indigenous overlap -Some did not occupy lands longer than others but face similar situations |
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Background: Acculturation Theory
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Any time two cultural groups interact, individuals within those cultural groups are forced to develop strategies to address this interaction
Acculturation theory was developed to explain some of these strategies Acculturation can happen at a individual (micro) level, which is usually called psychological acculturation, or it can happen at the societal (macro) level, which involves social, cultural, ecological change |
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Strategy 1: Assimilation
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-Majority Culture: High adherence to larger (majority) societal culture
-Minority Culture: Low adherence to family (minority) culture -Individual gives up a previous family cultural system in favor of the larger cultural system -Cultural skills are monolingual and monocultural, reflecting only the cultural values of the majority culture |
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Strategy 2: Integration
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-Majority Culture: High adherence to larger (majority) societal culture
-Minority Culture: High adherence to family (minority) culture -Individuals who adapt to the norms of the larger society do not have to give up their own family cultural norms -Emphasizes multiculturalism between two groups |
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Strategy 3: Separation
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-Majority Culture: Low adherence to larger (majority) societal culture
-Minority Culture: Low adherence to family (minority) culture -Individual does not identify with either cultural group -Individuals have been introduced to both cultural systems, yet feel uncomfortable with both sets of coping responses |
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Strategy 4: Marginalization
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-Majority Culture: Low adherence to larger (majority) societal culture
-Minority Culture: High adherence to family (minority) culture -Individual retains his/her own culture, without incorporating elements of a new culture -Cultural skills are monolingual and monocultural, reflecting only the cultural values of the majority culture |
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Imperialism in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Development
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-Since the end of World War II, there has been an overwhelming tendency for foreign assistance programs to be provided unidirectionally
-Started with the Marshall plan to help rebuild Europe -More scientific approaches to welfare forwarded by the global north have been viewed as being more advanced than the approaches of recipient nations of the global south. -Indigenous knowledge systems have typically been viewed as primitive, and the poverty of these nations have often been viewed as an indication of the poverty of their welfare methods. |
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Challenges to Imperialism: Arturo Escobar
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-Challenged the language associated with “development”
-Southern hemisphere nations being characterized as “underdeveloped” based upon underlying imperialist assumptions -Belief that true development rested in the techniques and technologies of the west |
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Tsunami Human Rights Violations
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-Discrimination in humanitarian assistance
-Discrimination in food distribution (India Caste System) -Discrimination in relocation and rebuilding -Housing related issues -Sex discrimination in inheritance rights -Homelessness ran rampant, even years after disaster -Practical issues of searching for titles following disasters -Health related issues -Continuing shortages in health services -Mental health problems not given adequate attention -Poor living conditions in relocation camps -Lack of attention to rebuilding employment -Lack of access to employment in relocation camps -Sex discrimination in re-establishing work -Economic discrimination in employment (tourism over fishing) |
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Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (1988)
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-Provides statutory authority for the federal government to respond to areas hit by natural disasters, particularly through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
-Focuses on the mechanisms of disaster management; How are disasters handled |
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FEMA’s 4 Phases of Emergency Management
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1) Mitigation – sustained action that reduces or prevents risk to people and property from natural hazards. Includes promoting sound land use, buying insurance, engineering to withstand disaster
2) Preparation – plans or procedures designed to save lives and to minimize damage when an emergency occurs. Includes planning, training, drills, etc. 3) Response – actions taken to save lives, prevent harm, and prevent further damage in a disaster 4) Recovery – actions taken to return the community to normal following a disaster. Includes, repairing, rebuilding, etc. |
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Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 Amendments
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Amnesty International Suggests:
-Health care – restore services and ensure access -Housing – right to return to housing -Internally Displaced Persons – return and transition programs needed, protection from discrimination -Participatory Decision Making – amend to include local community in planning for return to homes, voting rights |
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What is Human Trafficking? UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking (2000)
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The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs
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What is Human Trafficking? US Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000):
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Severe Forms of Trafficking means;
-sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, OR in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age -the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. |
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Trafficking In Persons (TIP) Report
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-TIP Report mandated under the “US Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000” to issue annual reports.
-The report ranks countries in one of three tiers: Tier 1 = complying with all laws Tier 2 = efforts to combat trafficking Tier 3 = ignoring or promoting trafficking -Example Tier 3 Nations (2001) Afghanistan, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia, Cambodia, Greece, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Myanmar, Russia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. |
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Components of Human Trafficking
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-Act of Recruiting, Harboring, Transporting, Providing, Obtaining
-By Means of Force, Fraud, Coercion -For Purpose of Exploitation, Involuntary servitude, Peonage, Debt Bondage, Slavery, Child Commercial Sex |
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Sex Trafficking
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-Sexual exploitation by force, coercion or fraud
-Common venues for sex trafficking include: Street prostitution Exotic dancing bars Cantina bars Massage parlors Residential brothels Escort services |
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Forced Labor
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-Involuntary servitude that occurs when employers exploit workers who are vulnerable
-Common forms of labor exploitation include: Domestic servitude Restaurants Industrial cleaning Construction Migrant farm work Peddling/begging rings |
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Bonded Labor
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-Occurs when traffickers unlawfully exploit an initial debt assumed as part of the terms of employment
-Intergenerational debt can also be a form of bonded labor |
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Debt Bondage Among Migrant Laborers
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-Bonded labor that is exacerbated when trafficking occurs internationally
No source of redress for abuse is available Supported by labor agencies in the source and destination countries |
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Involuntary Domestic Servitude
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-A unique form of forced labor that involves involuntary servitude of domestic workers
-Involves socially isolated environments where untreated illnesses, sexual abuse, and exploitation can occur |
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Force Child Labor
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-Occurs when the child is in the custody of a non family member, where the child works that benefits someone from outside the child’s family
-Children are not offered the option of leaving |
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Child Soldiers
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-Recruitment or use of children as combatants
-Can also include use of children for labor (as porters, cooks, servants, messengers, spies) or sexual exploitation (both boys and girls) by armed forces |
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Child Sex Trafficking
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-Sexual Exploitation of Children
-UNICEF reports that two million children are subjected to prostitution each year -Sex trafficking has long lasting physical and psychological effects on children |
