Human Retroviruses

Front 1

What was the first recognized human retrovirus?

Back 1

HTLV-I

Front 2

What two diseases are associated with HTLV-I?

Back 2

T cell Leukemia
tropical spastic paresis

Front 3

What racial groups is ATL ususally found in and at what ages?

Back 3

Japanese, carribean, african men and women 40-60 yrs old

Front 4

What are the major routes of transmission of HTLV-I?

Back 4

cellular blood components
breat milk
perinatal
intrauterine

Front 5

What is the only possible disease caused by HTLV-II?

Back 5

hairy cell leukemia

Front 6

What is the FDA approved test for HTLV-I?

Back 6

EIA for detection of antibodies in whole blood

Front 7

Which human retrovirus is related to HIV?

Back 7

Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)

Front 8

Where is HIV 2 mainly found?

Back 8

West Africa

Front 9

Which strain of HIV is antigenically related to SIV and STLV?

Back 9

HIV-2

Front 10

What is the polarity of the RNA genome of HIV?

Back 10

+

Front 11

What ultimately occurs over time as a result of changes in viral proteins during proliferation of the HIV?

Back 11

M tropic HIV goes to T tropic HIV. Selectivity for cell infection changes over time.

Front 12

What are encoded by TAT, REV, VIF, NEF,VPU and VPR?

Back 12

accessory proteins

Front 13

What encodes core and capsid proteins?

Back 13

GAG

Front 14

What encodes rev tanscriptase, DNA Pol, RNAseH, protease, and integrase?

Back 14

pol

Front 15

What does env encode?

Back 15

gp 160

Front 16

What is the transcription transactivator for viral and host control regions of genes (LTRs)?

Back 16

TAT

Front 17

What gene regulates transport of viral mRNAs out of the nucleus, while also regulating the splicing of viral RNAs that lead to formation of viral mRNAs?

Back 17

REV

Front 18

What is the key in enabling a limited HIV infection to progress to AIDs?

Back 18

nef

Front 19

How does nef work?

Back 19

dimininshes expresion of CD4 and MHC1, which changes the cell signaling and is required to achieve high viral load.

Front 20

What gene promotes viral assembly and blocks the antiviral protein APOBEC-3G?

Back 20

vif

Front 21

What gene enhances the release of virus from infected cells and inhibits cell surface expression of CD4?

Back 21

vpu

Front 22

When is the optimal phase for HIV replication?

Back 22

G2

Front 23

What gene arrests the cell cycle at G2 and enhances the transport of proviral DNA into the nucleus?

Back 23

vpr

Front 24

What two proteins asscoicate with the two copies of HIV RNA?

Back 24

p 9, p 7

Front 25

What is the cylindrical core made of?

Back 25

p24

Front 26

where is reverse transcriptase kept?

Back 26

cylindrical core

Front 27

What underlies the ourter envelope?

Back 27

p 17

Front 28

what kind of bonds hold together gp120 and gp41?

Back 28

non covalent

Front 29

Which HIV gp antigen is responsible for attachment to the cell surface?

Back 29

gp 120

Front 30

How does gp41 facilitate cell-cell or virus-cell fusion?

Back 30

possesion of a particular AA sequence

Front 31

How are tat and rev synthesized?

Back 31

as a result of multiple splicing events

Front 32

What brains cells are particular for HIV infection?

Back 32

microglial cells

Front 33

What is the co-receptor that is involved in the fusin and binding of HIV to certain T cells and macros?

Back 33

CCR5

Front 34

How are CCR5 bearing cell desingnated?

Back 34

M tropic

Front 35

What is the co-receptor present on the majority of T cells for binding HIV?

Back 35

CXCR4

Front 36

How are CXCR4 cells designated?

Back 36

T tropic

Front 37

What is the consequence of a lack of CCR5?

Back 37

certain resistance to HIV infection

Front 38

When does the HIV provirus become transcriptionally active?

Back 38

once it is integrated into the cell DNA

Front 39

Which mRNAs are spliced twice?

Back 39

rev and tat

Front 40

After what event does the virus particle become mature?

Back 40

after cleavage of the GAG and POL polyproteins

Front 41

What is released from HIV infected cells and plays a role as a transactivator in the genesis of Kaposis sarcoma?

Back 41

tat

Front 42

What may represrent the normal range of CD4+ T cells?

Back 42

600-1200/ul

Front 43

WHat hormones can suppress t cell count?

Back 43

steroid hormaones (cortisol)

Front 44

How much cant the T cell count vary within patients and b/w testing centers?

Back 44

by 200

Front 45

What is the stage of HIV infection that precedes AIDS and inclusdes fever and night sweats and lymphadenophaty?

Back 45

ARC

Front 46

What HIV specific Ag peaks with sx during primary infection?

Back 46

p24

Front 47

What Ab remans elevated during the HIV Asx perioed?

Back 47

Anti p24

Front 48

What is a main reflection of disease progression?

Back 48

CD4+ count

Front 49

What opportunistic viral infection will impede on skin, mucous membranes, and the esophagus?

Back 49

HSV

Front 50

What is the origin of the hairy leukoplakia virus in AIDS patients?

Back 50

EBV

Front 51

What fungus, that is usually benign in the lungs, wilspread to the meninges in AIDS patients?

Back 51

cryptococcus neoformans

Front 52

What affects many organs in the AIDS patient and is seen in resistant strains more and more?

Back 52

mycobacterium avium

Front 53

What opportunistic infection in AIDS patients has a geographic distribution and causes a disseminated infection?

Back 53

Histoplasma and coccidiomycosis

Front 54

What is a papovavirus that causes problems in AIDS patients?

Back 54

progrssive multifocal leukoencephalopathy virus

Front 55

What can be done by a co-infecting virus to accelerate the Asx stages of HIV infection, BESIDES suppress the immune system?

Back 55

DNA reg protein from the co-infecting virus may "turn on" regulatory regions of the HIV provirus

Front 56

What cells can act as aviral reservoir and are not destroyed by the virus, yet carry the virus across the BBB to infect the mircoglial cells?

Back 56

MACROPHAGES

Front 57

What other cells, besides CD4+ T cells and Macros can be infected and act as a viral reservoir?

Back 57

Th cells
CD4+ B cells
Dendritic cells

Front 58

What is the effect of reduced CD4+ cells on T helper fxn and DTH?

Back 58

reduces both

Front 59

What is the ultimate reason for the preponderance of opportunistic infections in HIV infection?

Back 59

CD4 T cell loss means loss of stimulatory cytokines which activatemacros, B cells, and NK cells

Front 60

What are 4 mechanisms of HIV induced cell lysis?

Back 60

Accumulation of non-integrated provirus in CD4 T's

membrane changes

giant cell formation

chronic T cell activation leading to apoptosis

Front 61

Do CD8 T cell decrease along with CD4 decrease?

Back 61

YES

Front 62

What explains the relatively low levels of HIV detected during the Asx phase and even ARC phase?

Back 62

lymphoid tissues act as a viral reservoir

Front 63

What is carried in semen that acts as an infecting agent in HIV transmission?

Back 63

T lymphocytes

Front 64

How long has HIV been shown to be viable at rm temp?

Back 64

15 days

Front 65

What is used to treat P carinii in HIV?

Back 65

pentamidine or co-trimoxazole (combo)

Front 66

What seemingly enhances the treatment of Toxo gondi with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine?

Back 66

IFN gamma

Front 67

What must be used for full efficacy when treating M. avium in HIV with Isoniazid?

Back 67

aminoglycosidesa and rifamycin

Front 68

What should be used to treat cryptococcus neoformans in HIV?

Back 68

Ampho B

Front 69

What is AZT?

Back 69

Rev Transcriptase inhibitor?

Front 70

What is the route given?

Back 70

oral

Front 71

Does AZT cross the BBB?

Back 71

yes

Front 72

When is AZT most effective?

Back 72

if given proir to the onset of Sx

Front 73

Is AZT approved for children?

Back 73

yes

Front 74

What is the toxicity level of AZT?

Back 74

ususally 250mg per 4 hours

Front 75

Which reverse transcriptase inhibitor is given as a prodrug?

Back 75

Didanosine (ddI)

Front 76

Does ddI cross the BBB?

Back 76

yes

Front 77

What is an advantage of ddI over AZT?

Back 77

lower toxicity

Front 78

What increased serum levela has been observed with ddI?

Back 78

increased uric acid levels

Front 79

What is Trizivir?

Back 79

AZT + 3TC+ABC

Front 80

What are Efavirenz and Nevirapine?

Back 80

NNRTIs

Front 81

What are Atazanavir, Indinavir, and Ritonavir?

Back 81

Protease inhibitors

Front 82

What is Enfuvirtide?

Back 82

Fusion inhibitor

Front 83

What drug is an inhibitor of HIV binding to CCR5?

Back 83

Maraviroc

Front 84

What is Raltegravir?

Back 84

Integrase inhibitor

Front 85

What therapy is desribed by a combination of 2 NRTIs and either a PI or NNRTI?

Back 85

HAART

Front 86

What are the likely targets of possible HIV vaccines?

Back 86

gp160 or gp120-gp41 proteins (env proteins) which are expressed on the surface of the virus and infected cells

Front 87

What immune response will vaccs targeting gp160/120/41 evoke?

Back 87

humoral and cell mediated

Front 88

Do antibodies which neutralize HIV in vitro do the same when given to chimps?

Back 88

NO

Front 89

Which gene mutates so much that a vacc is hard to develop for HIV?

Back 89

env

Front 90

What is the main test used to screen for HIV Ab's?

Back 90

ELISA

Front 91

How is a positve ELISA confirmed?

Back 91

Western Blot

Front 92

What consitutes and positive Western Blot?

Back 92

Serum Ab's bound to gp120, gp41, p31, and p24

Front 93

How often are false positive results given via ELISA?

Back 93

1/10

Front 94

What should be used to disinfect HIV?

Back 94

bleach at 1/100 dilution (bad after sitting for 2 weeks)