Human Repro: Endocrine Control Of Male

Front 1

"hormones"

Back 1

"from anterior pituitary gland

Front 2

"pituitary (hypophysis) and hypothalamus"

Back 2

"neuroendocrine structures at base of brainphysically connected by stalk - infundibulumconnected by nerve tracts for neurosecretory transport"

Front 3

"hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system"

Back 3

"highly branched

Front 4

"hormones involved"

Back 4

"GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)LH - leutenizing hormone (anterior pituitary)FSH - follicle stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary)Prolactin (anterior pituitary)testosterone (various metabolic derivatives) - Leydig cells in testesinhibin (protein hormone) - produced and released by sertoli cells in testes"

Front 5

"hypothalamic-pituitary axis and brain-testicular axis"

Back 5

"connects all the hormones involved in male reproduction"

Front 6

"testosterone activity"

Back 6

"involves 2 other non-hormonal substances:ABP - androgen-binding proteinc-AMP - cyclic AMP"

Front 7

"ABP"

Back 7

"Androgen-binding proteinproduced by sertoli cellsnecessary for testosterone to have an effect on sertoli and spermatogenic cells"

Front 8

"c-AMP"

Back 8

"cyclic AMPsecond messenger"

Front 9

"Negative feedback"

Back 9

"interactions between hormones and targetslevel of hormone I increases will cause increase in effector response which will cause decrease in hormone I which will cause decrease in effector response which will then cause increase in hormone I again"

Front 10

"functions of testosterone and derivatives"

Back 10

"promote spermatogenesisinduce male secondary sex characteristics (body

Front 11

"Derivatives of testosterone"

Back 11

"estradiol

Front 12

"GnRH from Hypothalamus"

Back 12

"secreted in diurnal pulses without montly surge"

Front 13

"LH and FSH"

Back 13

"secreted from anterior pituitary"

Front 14

"FSH"

Back 14

"results in production of c-AMP in sertoli cells"

Front 15

"c-AMP"

Back 15

"stimulates production of ABP

Front 16

"Inhibin"

Back 16

"produced by sertoli cells when sperm count rises above "maximum"reduces production of FSH"

Front 17

"LH"

Back 17

"interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)anterior pituitarystimulates testosterone production in leydig cellsincreased testosterone inhibits secretion of LH from pituitary leading to decrease in testosterone secretion"

Front 18

"Anabolic steroids"

Back 18

"synthetic androgensenhance anabolic activity of somatic tissuespituitary binds to AS same way as testosteroneAS does not bind to APBhigher brain centres respond differently to AS and testosterone - behavioural changeslowered libido

Front 19

"penis-at-12 syndrome"

Back 19

"deficiency of 5α reductase needed to converty testosterone to 5αDHT (dihydrotesterone) - important in fetal and childhood period5αDHT needed to masculinize external genitalia

Front 20

"penis-at-12 syndrome effects"

Back 20

"single gene defectscrotum looks like labia (and empty)penis looks like enlarged clitorispuberty depends more on testosterone - transform from female-like to malepenis has small defect: urethra displaced to shaft (can be fixed with surgery)"

Front 21

"androgen insensitivity syndrome"

Back 21

"results from lack of androgen receptorsno masculinization of internal or external structures or brainmost testosterone is unusableinternal/abdominal testesfeminized genitalia"

Front 22

"androgen insensitivity syndrome effects"

Back 22

"brain is not masculinized (female gender identity)attracted to mentall for females (like models)do not menstruateblind-ended vaginalive lives like normal females"