Human Population Biology Test 2

Front 1

Differentiation

Back 1

Cell specialization during development

-Occurs not by modification of DNA but rather by the determination of which parts of DNA are actually used by that cell

Front 2

Embryonic Stem Cell

Back 2

cell that has differentiated and will give rise to a population of specialized cells during further development

Front 3

Meiosis produces what type of cell

Back 3

Haploid

Front 4

Metacentric

Back 4

The centromere near the middle of the two chromatids

Front 5

Submetacentric

Back 5

centromere displaced to one end of chromatids

Front 6

acrocentric

Back 6

Centromere near the very ends of the chromatids

Front 7

"p" chromatid arms

Back 7

the short arms

Front 8

"q" chromatid arms

Back 8

longer arms

Front 9

Locus

Back 9

physical location on a chromosome

Front 10

Replication

Back 10

Can only occur on a single strand of DNA

under the control of the enzyme DNA polymerase

Front 11

Transcription

Back 11

The production of RNA from one of the paired chains of DNA

Front 12

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Back 12

1.) The sugar in the sugar-phosphate backbone has a hydroxyl group that is missing from deoxyribose - thus is it Ribose

2.)RNA single stranded and does not form a double helix

3.)thymine of DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA

Front 13

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 13

transfer amino acids to the protein chain

Front 14

Ribosomal RNA

Back 14

found in the ribosome, function in the translation of RNA in proteins

Front 15

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 15

serve as templates for the production of proteins from individual amino acids

Front 16

Translation

Back 16

after the mRNA has been properly edited it will be translated into a protein

Front 17

Silent Mutations

Back 17

mutations with no phenotypic effects

Front 18

Reading frame shift

Back 18

cause a shift of the genetic code and will be mistranslated

Front 19

Robertsonian Translocation

Back 19

two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes fuse such that their short arms are lost and their long arms make up the p and q arms --down syndrom

Front 20

nondisjunction

Back 20

homologous pairs do not separate from one another at the first meiotic division

Front 21

Mendel's first law

Back 21

Segregation of alleles: 2 alleles at a locus segregate when gametes are formed

Front 22

Mendel's second law

Back 22

Independent Assortment of Alleles: alleles at different loci segregate independently of one another

Front 23

mitochondrial DNA

Back 23

short stretch of DNA that forms a continuous circle and is found only in the mitochondria

typically only transmitted from mothers

Front 24

Probability Theory

Back 24

way of measuring the frequency with which events will occur

Front 25

Pleiotropic effect

Back 25

one gene that has an effect on many things

Front 26

polygentic

Back 26

many genes that have an effect on one structure

Front 27

Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

Back 27

states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant—that is, they are in equilibrium—from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced.

Front 28

Natural Selection

Back 28

Phenotypic variation - more or less successful

Front 29

Genetic Drifts

Back 29

Founders effect, bottle neck

Front 30

Gene Flow

Back 30

migration of people of organisms has an allele

Front 31

ABO blood group

Back 31

discovered by Landsteiner in 1900