Human Phyz Test 2 Emory Dr. Starnes

Front 1

draw out throxine pathway

Back 1

see endocrinology

Front 2

where is insulin made and where does it go to.

Back 2

insulin made by beta cells in pancrease -- it travels to muscles, liver, and adipose tissue

Front 3

where is glucagon produced and where does it go

Back 3

glucagon is produced by the alpha cells in the pancrease and it travels to the liver

Front 4

what two processes does glucagon promote

Back 4

glycogenolysis- breakdown glycogen and gluconeogenesis - make glucose from other sources

Front 5

what are the two main things that determine the amount of muscle tension

Back 5

1- number/ kind of motor units
2- frequency of action potentials

Front 6

what is a comparison to an auxotonic type of muscle contraction? Also, in this type of contraction as muscle length decreases tension ______.

Back 6

BOW/ ARROW; increases

Front 7

What type of contraciton is characterized when muscle length decreases tension decreases.

Back 7

mietonic

Front 8

____ is a ancrease in the number of muscle cells?

Back 8

hyperplasia

Front 9

what is the starting compound for steroids and where does it originate?

Back 9

cholesterol-- in the liver

Front 10

_____ is a substance that is secreated via a ductless gland into the blood and binds with target cell receptors.

Back 10

hormone

Front 11

what are the advantages of having a multi level (long level) regulation

Back 11

back-up / fine tuning

Front 12

what is tyrisine (aa) convereted into?

Back 12

catecholamines- (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

Front 13

what hormone is trytophan convereted into and where in brain does this happen

Back 13

melatonin in the pineal gland

Front 14

what are the three major classes of hormones

Back 14

1. amine hormones, peptide hormones, and steroids

Front 15

Amine hormones are all derived from what amino acid

Back 15

tyrosine

Front 16

what is the largest class of hormones

Back 16

peptide

Front 17

where is the breakdown site for proteinaceous hormones

Back 17

within the target cell

Front 18

what cells make glucagon

Back 18

alpha cells of pancrease

Front 19

what is the name for the structure that connects the hypothalmus to pituitary

Back 19

infundibulum

Front 20

what two hormones are stored in posterior pituitary

Back 20

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

Front 21

what affect does vasopressin have in the kidneys

Back 21

It causes less water to be excreted in uring so that BP is higher

Front 22

what 2 ways does ADH raise bp?

Back 22

by causing less water to be excreted and by constricting blood vessels

Front 23

what all hormones are produced by anterior pituitary

Back 23

FLAT PEG - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

Front 24

how do adrogens promote growth?

Back 24

they up regulate the GH receptors

Front 25

what is gluconeogenesis

Back 25

formation of glucose from non glucose sources: pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids

Front 26

what are the secondary hormones besides GH that contributes to growth

Back 26

thyroxine, insulin, sex hormones

Front 27

what is the source of DHEA in the female

Back 27

the adrenal cortex

Front 28

how is GH like insulin

Back 28

it cuases cell to uptake a.a and to promotes protein synthesis

Front 29

How is GH different from insulin

Back 29

it inhibits uptake glucose from most areas, promotes lipolysis, promotes glycogenesis,

Front 30

what are the three areas of the adrenal cortex and what are the major hormones produced by each

Back 30

1) zona glomerulosa- catecholamines
2) zona fasciculata- cotisol and androgens
3) zona reticularis (redickularis)- androgens (cortisol).

Front 31

as defined as a glucocorticoid what does cortisol do?

Back 31

It breaks down carbs, fats, and proteins

Front 32

As defined as a mineralcorticoid what does aldosterone do? When is aldosterone released and what effects does it cause?

Back 32

it maintain the balance of Na and K. It is released when bloodpressure is to low and it causes Na to enter blood and water follows and K leaves if your K level is too high.

Front 33

what two factors could cause aldosterone production?

Back 33

1) renin-angiotension system 2) elevated K levels

Front 34

list all of the functions of cortisol?

Back 34

1) break down carbs
2) hepatic gluconeogenesis- production of glucose from other sources besides glucogen 3) lipolysis 4) protein degradation (only cortisol can do this). 5) protein synthesis to repair injury.

Front 35

How does melatonin directly block turmor growth?

Back 35

It blocks cancel cell's metabolism of linoleic acid

Front 36

how does melatonin indirectly block tumor growth?

Back 36

It prevents the ovary from producing high levels of estrogen and other sex hormones that can cause cancer in breasts

Front 37

what carrier protein is specific to cotisoll

Back 37

CBG

Front 38

what is the major breakdown site for steroids and what happens here

Back 38

the liver; large steroids are broken into smaller units and SO4 added to increase polarity

Front 39

what is the major excretion site for steroids

Back 39

kidneys and in feces as bile

Front 40

what hormone in the anterior pituitary is responsible for milk production

Back 40

prolactin

Front 41

what are all the effects of GH

Back 41

1) growth (major) of bone and muscle
2) metabolism (minor)- glycogenesis and lipolysis