Human Physiology: The Immune System Chapter 15

Front 1

__________ offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection.

Back 1

Interferon

Front 2

Killer T cells secrete ______.

Back 2

perforins

Front 3

Mast cells secrete _______.

Back 3

histamine

Front 4

Lysosomal enzymes are secreted by _______.

Back 4

macrophages

Front 5

Antibodies are secreted by _______ cells.

Back 5

plasma

Front 6

The F ab portion of antibodies binds to _________.

Back 6

antigens

Front 7

The amino acid sequences of the F ab portion of antibodies are __________.

Back 7

variable

Front 8

The F ab portion of antibodies consist of ____ and ____ chains.

Back 8

H; L

Front 9

T or F: Complement proteins C3a and C5a produce pores in the victim cell membrane.

Back 9

False

Front 10

Mast cell secretion during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is stimulated when antigens combine with ____ antibodies.

Back 10

IgE

Front 11

During a secondary immune response, a great amount of ______ are produced.

Back 11

antibodies

Front 12

Antibody production lasts longer in a (primary/secondary) immune response.

Back 12

secondary

Front 13

IgG antibodies are produced in a (primary/secondary) immune response.

Back 13

secondary

Front 14

Lymphocyte clones are believed to develop during a (primary/secondary) immune response.

Back 14

secondary

Front 15

_________ cells aid the activation of T lymphocytes by antigens.

Back 15

Macrophage

Front 16

T or F: Some T lymphocytes promote B cell activity.

Back 16

True

Front 17

T or F: Some T lymphocytes suppress B cell activity.

Back 17

True

Front 18

T or F: Some T lymphocytes secrete interferon.

Back 18

True

Front 19

T or F: Some T lymphocytes produce antibodies.

Back 19

False

Front 20

_____ cells mediate delayed hypersentivity.

Back 20

T

Front 21

How does one produce active immunity?

Back 21

1. contracting a disease; and
2. receiving an immunization.

Front 22

T or F: Gamma globulin injections produce active immunity.

Back 22

False

Front 23

Class-2 MHC molecules (are/are not) required for B cell activation by a foreign antigen.

Back 23

are not

Front 24

Interleukin-___ stimulates formation of T H 1 helper T lymphocytes.

Back 24

12

Front 25

Interleukin-___ stimulates ACTH secretion.

Back 25

1

Front 26

Interleukin-___ stimulates proliferation of killer T lymphocytes.

Back 26

2

Front 27

T or F: Gamma interferon is a polypeptide autocrine regulator.

Back 27

True

Front 28

Gamma interferon can be produced in response to (viral/bacterial) infections.

Back 28

viral

Front 29

________ stimulates the immune system to attach infected cells and tumors.

Back 29

Gamma interferon

Front 30

T or F: Gamma interferon is produced by almost all cells in the body.

Back 30

False

Front 31

4 external structures having defense mechanisms of nonspecfic (innate) immunity.

Back 31

1. skin
2. digestive tract
3. respiratory tract
4. genitourinary tract

Front 32

6 internal structures having defense mechanisms of nonspecfic (innate) immunity.

Back 32

1. phagocytic cells
2. interferons
3. complement proteins
4. endogenous pyrogen
5. natural killer cells
6. mast cells

Front 33

3 major groups of phagocytic cells.

Back 33

1. neutrophils
2. mononuclear phagocyte system
3. organ-specific phagocytes

Front 34

5 organs in which organ-specific phagocytes are located.

Back 34

1. liver
2. spleen
3. lymph nodes
4. lungs
5. brain

Front 35

Fixed phagocytes are _________ in the walls of the sinusoids within particular organs.

Back 35

fixed or immobile

Front 36

6 types of phagocytic cells

Back 36

1. neutrophils (in blood and all tissues)
2. monocytes (in blood)
3. tissue macrophages (histiocytes) (all tissues)
4. Kupffer cells (in liver)
5. alveolar macrophages (in lungs)
6. microglia (in CNS)

Front 37

Extravasation, or _________, occurs when leukocytes from the blood squeeze through tiny gaps in adjacent endothelial cells of the vessel wall and enter the connective tissues to attack infection.

Back 37

diapedesis

Front 38

Phagocytic cells engulf particles in a way similar to the way a/an ______ eats.

Back 38

amoeba

Front 39

Cytokines are released by _______ cells and __________.

Back 39

dendritic; macrophages

Front 40

4 activities stimulated by interferons.

Back 40

1. macrophage phagocytosis
2. activity of cytotoxic (killer) T cells
3. activity of natural killer cells
4. production of antibodies.

Front 41

4 activities inhibited by interferons.

Back 41

1. cell division
2. tumor growth
3. maturation of adipose cells
4. maturation of erythrocytes

Front 42

5 diseases treated by alpha interferon.

Back 42

1. hepatitis B
2. hepatitis C
3. hairy cell leukemia
4. virally induced genital warts
5. Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 43

Beta interferon is used to treat ______.

Back 43

MS

Front 44

Gamma interferon is used to treat chronic __________ disease.

Back 44

granulomatous

Front 45

3 steps of nonspecific immunity:

Back 45

1. bacteria enter break in skin
2. neutrophils and macrophages engulf the bacteria
3. nonspecific activation of complement proteins occurs

Front 46

5 steps of specific immunity:

Back 46

1. B cells are stimulated to produce specific antibodies
2. phagocytosis is enhanced by antibodies attached to bacterial surface antigens (opsonization)
3. specific activation of complement proteins
4. extravasation (diapedesis)
5. redness and edema

Front 47

4 secondary lymphoid organs:

Back 47

1. lymph nodes
2. spleen
3. tonsils
4. Peyer's patches (under mucosa of intestine)

Front 48

B cells are produced in the ______.

Back 48

bone marrow

Front 49

T cells are produced in the _______.

Back 49

thymus

Front 50

2 primary lymphoid organs:

Back 50

1. bone marrow
2. thymus

Front 51

Many people with AIDS also develop a previously rare form of cancer known as ________ _______.

Back 51

Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 52

AIDS is caused by the ______ __________ virus.

Back 52

human immunodeficiency (HIV)

Front 53

HIV destroys ____ __ ____________.

Back 53

helper T lymphocytes

Front 54

Cytokines

Back 54

autocrine regulators of the immune system produced by T lymphocytes

Front 55

Lymphokine

Back 55

cytokine of lymphocyte

Front 56

__________ lymphocytes are responsible for transplant rejection reactions and for immunological surveillance against cancer.

Back 56

Killer T

Front 57

Bacterial infections are generally fought by __ lymphocytes.

Back 57

B

Front 58

7 types of cytokines in immune system

Back 58

1. interleukin-1
2. interleukin-2
3. interleukin-3
4. interleukin-4
5. interleukin-5
6. interleukin-6
7. granulocyte/monocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

Front 59

2 chief antigen-presenting cells

Back 59

1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages

Front 60

Glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex inhibit ______ and suppress ________.

Back 60

immune system activity; inflammation

Front 61

2 forms of allergy:

Back 61

1. immediate hypersensitivity (within seconds or minutes)
2. delayed hypersensitivity (between 24 and 72 hours after exposure to allergen)

Front 62

Asthma is treated with _________ and ___________.

Back 62

epinephrine; corticosteroids

Front 63

An example of delayed hypersensitivity is __________.

Back 63

contact dermatitis