Human Physiology: The Central Nervous System Chapter 8

Front 1

5 regions of embryonic brain

Back 1

1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon

Front 2

2 regions of forebrain in embryonic brain

Back 2

1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon

Front 3

midbrain of embryonic brain

Back 3

mesencephalon

Front 4

2 regions of hindbrain of embryonic brain

Back 4

1. metencephalon
2. myelencephalon

Front 5

The CNS begins as a hollow ______.

Back 5

tube

Front 6

The cavities of the brain are known as __________.

Back 6

ventricles

Front 7

3 components of cerebrum

Back 7

1. left hemisphere
2. right hemisphere
3. corpus callosum

Front 8

The outer part of the cerebrum, the cerebral _______, consists of _____ matter.

Back 8

cortex, gray

Front 9

Synaptic potentials produced within the ________ _________ produce the electrical activity seen in an electroencephalogram (EEG).

Back 9

cerebral cortex

Front 10

Cerebral lateralization

Back 10

specialization of function

Front 11

2 areas of left hemisphere dominance

Back 11

1. language
2. analytical ability

Front 12

4 areas of right hemisphere dominance

Back 12

1. pattern recognition
2. musical composition
3. singing
4. facial recognition

Front 13

The 2 cerebral hemispheres cooperate and communicate via the ______ ________.

Back 13

corpus callosum

Front 14

Left cerebral cortex: Wernicke's area

Back 14

involved in speech comprehension

Front 15

Left cerebral cortex: Broca's area

Back 15

required for the mechanical performance of speech

Front 16

Wernicke's area controls Brocha's area by means of the ______ ___________.

Back 16

arcuate fasciculus

Front 17

What structure is responsible for integrating different sources of sensory information and projecting to Wernicke's area?

Back 17

angular gyrus

Front 18

2 areas of brain implicated as centers for various emotions

Back 18

1. limbic system
2. hypothalamus

Front 19

The medial temporal lobes, particularly the __________ and the _________ ________ - appear to be required for consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory.

Back 19

hippocampus; amygdaloid nucleus

Front 20

_________ ____________ is a phenomenon that may be involved in some aspects of memory.

Back 20

Long-term potentiation

Front 21

4 parts of diencephalon in the forebrain

Back 21

1. thalamus
2. epithalamus
3. hypothalamus
4. pituitary gland

Front 22

The thalamus serves as a relay center for ______ information.

Back 22

sensory

Front 23

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ________ _________ within the epithalamus.

Back 23

choroid plexus

Front 24

The pineal gland, part of the __________, secretes melatonin.

Back 24

epithalamus

Front 25

The _________ regulates the secretions of the pituitary gland.

Back 25

hypothalamus

Front 26

4 parts of diencephalon in the forebrain

Back 26

1. thalamus
2. epithalamus
3. hypothalamus
4. pituitary gland

Front 27

The thalamus serves as a relay center for ______ information.

Back 27

sensory

Front 28

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ________ _________ within the epithalamus.

Back 28

choroid plexus

Front 29

The pineal gland, part of the __________, secretes melatonin.

Back 29

epithalamus

Front 30

The _________ regulates the secretions of the pituitary gland.

Back 30

hypothalamus

Front 31

2 parts of the metencephalon in the hindbrain

Back 31

1. pons
2. cerebellum

Front 32

The pons contains nuclei for 4 pairs of _________ ________.

Back 32

cranial nerves

Front 33

The cerebellum in the hindbrain plays an important role in the control of ______ movements.

Back 33

skeletal

Front 34

The medulla oblongata makes up the _______.

Back 34

myelencephalon

Front 35

The medulla contains centers for regulation of such vital functions as ______ and control of the __________ system.

Back 35

breathing; cardiovascular

Front 36

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Back 36

ascending arousal system consisting of interconnected neurons of the reticular formation that extend from the pons to the midbrain

Front 37

Arousal is promoted by different neural tracts of the RAS that release _____, ________, and ________

Back 37

AcH; different monoamine neurotransmitters; polypeptide neurotransmitter (orexin or hypocretin-1)

Front 38

Ascending tracts carry sensory information from ________ up the ______ to the _______.

Back 38

sensory organs; spinal cord; brain

Front 39

The activity of the RAS is inhibited by _________, and this activity is necessary for _____.

Back 39

GABA-releasing neurons; sleep

Front 40

Descending tracts are _____ tracts.

Back 40

motor

Front 41

2 groups of descending tracts

Back 41

1. pyramidal (corticospinal)
2. extra-pyramidal (reticulospinal)

Front 42

Pyramidal tracts begin in the _______ ______ and descend, without synapsing, into the _____ _____.

Back 42

precentral sulcus; spinal cord

Front 43

Most of the corticospinal tracts ___________ in the pyramids of the medulla oblongata.

Back 43

decussate

Front 44

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

Back 44

12

Front 45

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

Back 45

31

Front 46

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains _______ _______.

Back 46

sensory fibers

Front 47

Cell bodies of spinal nerves are contained in the _______ _____ _______.

Back 47

dorsal root ganglion

Front 48

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains _______ fibers.

Back 48

motor

Front 49

All spinal nerves are mixed; that is, they have ______ and _______ fibers.

Back 49

sensory; motor

Front 50

Most cranial nerves are mixed, but some are exclusively _______ in function.

Back 50

sensory

Front 51

Reflex arc

Back 51

neural pathway involving a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. 1 or more association neurons may also be involved in some reflexes.