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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five main cell types of the nervous system?
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Neuron, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Astrocytes
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What is the main difference between white and grey matter?
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white matter contains heavily myelinated neurones so there are a lot of oligodendrocytes
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What is the cerebrospinal fluid and what is its function?
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a fluid produced by the choroid plexus which surrounds and circulates the brain and fills ventricular cavities to provide physical support, protection and nourishment. Also allows buoyancy to prevent movement
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Where is the Cerebrospinal fluid produced?
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in the choroid plexus which are special ependymal cells closely linked to the blood.
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What is a lumbar puncture?
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a method by which samples of the CSF are taken to give information about the health of the nervous system, e.g if lymphocytes are found in it, the BBB may have been breached
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the spinal nerves are split into four segments, name them and specify what part of the body they are releated to
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Cervical - neck, shoulder, hand, arm
Thoracic - chest, abdomen Lumbar - hip, leg Sacral - genitals, lower GIT |
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Whats the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system
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somatic includes afferent and efferent neurons, autonomic includes the parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric nervous system
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breifly describe the flow of the sympathetic nervous system
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the pre ganglionic neurons leave from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, it is cholinergic so the neurotransmitter released is acetylcholine. then either the adrenal medulla is innervated and adrenaline is released into the bloodstream or the post ganglionic neurone is which is noradrenergic so the neurotransmitter released to the effector is noradrenaline.
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Decribe the flow of the parasympathetic system
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pre ganglionic neurons leaves from the brain stem or sacral region, the neurotransmitter released is acetylcholine at the ganglion cell, the post ganglionic neurone also releases acetylcholine at the effector
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Describe the flow of adrenaline release
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the neurone reaches the adrenal medulla and releases acetylcholine, the adrenal medulla is stimulated and releases adrenaline into the blood
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What is an EPSP?
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an excitatory post synaptic potential where the membrane is depolarised due to the increase Na+ and Ca2+ permeability
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What is the IPSP?
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the inhibitory post synaptic potential where the membrane is hyperpolarised due to the increase K+ and Cl- permeability
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What four factors are required for a substance to be classed as a neurotransmitter?
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1) must be synthesised in the neuron
2) must be present in the presynaptic membrane and be released in sufficient amounts to creat and effect in the postsynaptoc membrane 3) exogenous action must mimic endogenous action 4) a specific mechanism must exist to remove it from the synaptic cleft |
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Name 5 biogenic neurotransmitters
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noradrenaline
adrenaline dopamine serotonin histamine |
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Name 3 amino acid neurotransmitters
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GABA
glutamate glycine |
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describe the aceytlcholine production and breakdown
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choline + aceytl CoA is acted on by choline acetyltransferase to form aceytlcholine, this is then broken down into choline and acetate by aceytlcholinesterase and then transformed into choline and aceytl CoA by the addition of Coenzyme A
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Define these terms
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Antagonist - blocker
Agonist - promotor/mimicker Lytic - breakdown/inhibiting |
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What roles do muscarine and atropine play in heart rate
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muscarine slows the heart rate, atropine blocks muscarine
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describe the role of nicotine and curare in muscle contraction
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in the NMJ, nicotine stimulates muscle contraction, curare blocks nicotine
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Describe how the Tetanus Toxin attacks muscles
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it is released by a bacterium and it prevents the fusion of ventricles with the presynaptic membrane, preventing the release of neurotransmitter. it works on inhibitory neurones so causes an increase in muscle contraction.
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How does Nerve gas affect muscle contraction?
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Sarin diffuses through the blood stream and inhibits aceytlcholinesterase so prevents the breakdown of aceytlcholine resulting in uncontrolled muscle contraction.
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How does Tetrodoxin affect the nervous system?
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it is produced in the ovaries of pufferfish, it binds to voltage gated sodium channels preventing action potentials from forming
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