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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is faster channel mediated or carrier mediated?
channel mediated
why is carrier mediated slower?
requires a conformational change
Specialized proteins that facilitate the transport of larger, hydrophilic (polar) molecules across the plasma membrane?
carrier proteins
-help form the active site through a conformation change of the enzyme or help in enzyme- substrate binding.

- are metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+)
Cofactors
-transport hydrogen atoms and other small molecules between enzymes

-are organic molecules derived from water-soluble vitamins.
Coenzymes
swallowing is also knowns as?
Deglutination
Segmentation?
churning/mixing
Immunity of the GI tract is d/t ______ ______ epithelium with ______junctions prevents swallowed pathogens from entering body.
-Simple columnar

-tight junctions
digestion of carbs begins?
in the mouth
are carbs digested in the stomach?
not really
digestion of proteins begins in the?
stomach
2 functions of goblet cells?
-Secrete mucous

-Protects against autodigestion of epithelium
Function of Chief Cells
-Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)

-Activated to pepsin by HCl- and by pepsin itself
(positive feedback mechanism)
Function of parietal cells?
secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor
Glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine.
lipid digestion begins
in the small intestine
Villi?
-Motile fingerlike extensions (~1mm high) of the mucosa

-Simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells
Microvilli
-Projections (brush border) of absorptive cells

-Contain brush border enzymes, which remain in the villi
Do brush border enzymes enter the lumen?
no
Order of events in lipid breakdown?
1 - emulsification of fat droplets by bile salts

2 - hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acid and monoglycerides

3 - dissolving of fatty acids and monos into micelles
Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamin K, and some B vitamins occurs?
in large intestine
Microflora are necessary for synthesis of various essential nutrients:
vitamin B
vitamin K
Folic Acid
how much digestion occurs in the large intestine?
none
Invertase catalyzes the breakdown of ________ into ______ and ______.
sucrose into glucose and fructose
glucose and fuctose are?
reducing sugars
Reducing sugars reduce what reagent to what product
-3,5-Dinitrosalicylate (DNS) to aminonitrosalicylate (ANS).
the invertase reduction results in what color change?
The reduction of DNS to ANS can be detected as a color change from a bright yellow (DNS) to dark amber (ANS) color.
________ is an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of starch to sugar, which can then be absorbed by the body and used for energy production.
Diastase
In the presence of simple sugars, Iodine potassium-iodide turns a ________.
-dark purple/black color
Diastase is used for?
is used in the determination of diastase activity in the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of starch.
trypsin?
•Digests: polypeptides → ammino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

•Functional location: pancreatic juice → small intestine

•Optimal pH: 8.0
Lipase
• Digests: triglycerides → fatty acids and monoglycerides

• Functional location: pancreatic juice → small intestine

• Optimal pH: 8.0
amylase
• Digests: startch → maltose (salivary); starch → maltose, maltriose, and oligosaccharides (pancreas)
• Functional location: mouth or duodenum
• Optimal pH: mouth = 6.7; pancreas = 6.7-7
pepsin
• Digests: proteins → smaller polypeptides
• Functional location: gastric glands → stomach
• Optimal pH: 1.6-2.4