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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term that refers to food and any conglomeration of enzymes in the stomach?
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chyme
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Is the material in the GI tract considered inside or outside of the body?
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outside
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What are the four functions of the GI system?
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Digestion, Secretion, Absorption, & Motility
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Which type of nutrient is uptaken through the lymphatic system
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fats
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4 major functions of saliva
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1) moisten & lubricate food 2) digestion of polysaccharides by amylase 3) dissolve food 4) antibacterial actions
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The mucus in the stomach protects the epithelial surface from what primarily
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HCL
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What secretion of the pancreas neutralizes HCL in the small intestine
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bicarbonate
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What are the components of bile?
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bicarbonate ions, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments, organic wastes and bile salts
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What hormone forces the gall bladder to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax?
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cholecystokinen (CCK)
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What structures form the enteric nervous system?
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the submucosal & myenteric nerve plexi
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From inner to outer, name the four layers of the GI tract
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Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, & Serosa
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What are the components of the Mucosa layer?
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Lamina propria and Muscularis mucosa
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What are the components of the Submucosa layer?
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Major blood and lymphatic vessels & submucosal nerve plexus
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What are the components of the Muscularis externa layer?
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Circular muscle, Myenteric nerve plexus, & longitudinal muscle
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What is the term for a capillary of the lymphatic system?
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Lacteal
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Disaccharide made of glucose & fructose
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sucrose
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Disaccharide made of glucose & galactose
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lactose
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Disaccharide made of glucose & glucose
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maltose
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How is fructose absorbed in the small intestine?
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facilitated diffusion
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How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the small intestine (except for basolateral membrane)?
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secondary active transport
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How are amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (except for basolateral membrane)?
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secondary active transport
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Which gradient drives the absorption of amino acids in the small intestine?
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Na+
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How are short amino acid chains (or peptides) absorbed in the small intestine?
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secondary active transport
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Which gradient drives the absorption of short amino acid chains (or peptides) in the small intestine?
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H+
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How are amino acids transported across the basolateral membrane?
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facilitated diffusion
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How are glucose and galactose transported across the basolateral membrane?
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facilitated diffusion
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Intrinsic factor is essential for the uptake of what?
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Vitamin B12
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What is the result of pancreatice lipase with a triglyceride
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2 free fatty acids (FFAs) and a monoglyceride
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Where and from what is bile salt (glycocholic acid) formed?
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in the liver from cholesterol
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What is the amphipathic molecule that binds the lipase from the pancreas and holds it on the surface of the emulsion droplet?
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colipase
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How and where is the intrinsic factor-Vitamin B12 complex uptaken in the small intestine?
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via endocytosis in the ileum
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What happens to vitamin D in the liver?
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It is hydroxylated by 25-hydroxylase to form 25-OH D
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What happens to 25-OH D in the kidneys?
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It is further hydroxylated by 1-hydroxylase to form 1,25-(OH)2 D
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What hormone encourages the further hyrdoxylation of 25-OH D in the kidneys?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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How is Iron absorbed in the small intestine?
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active transport
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Once inside the intestinal cell, what incorporates Iron?
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ferritin
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What protein carries Iron as it circulates in the blood?
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transferrin
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If the body wants more Iron absorbed, which protein does it regulate? Is it up-regulated or down-regulated?
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ferritin, down-regulated
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Name the 4 stimuli of the GI tract:
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Distention of 1) luminal wall, chyme: 2) osmolarity, 3)acidity, & 4)concentration digestion products
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main phospholipid in bile
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lecithin
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main bile pigment
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bilirubin (yellow), yellow jaundice is an overretention in the body... also is what gives urine yellow color, and feces brown color
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what's the primary factor causing relase of CCK
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fatty acids
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primary function of segmental contraction in small intestine:
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mixing
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is contraction higher in the duodenum or jejunum/ileum
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duodenum
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