Human Physiology Exam 4: Pancreas And Metabolism

Front 1

What are the exocrine secretions of the Pancreas?

Back 1

HCO3- rich fluid and enzymes for digestion of macromolecules

Front 2

What is the endocrine secretions of pancreas?

Back 2

Insulin B cell, Glucagon Alpha cell and Somatostatin Delta cells

Front 3

Describe Diatbetes

Back 3

It is an epidemic that is leading cause of blindneww with age of 5 and 70. It causes nontraumatic amputation and adrenal failure. It also increases risk for CAD and stroke

Front 4

What is the role of glucose in the body?

Back 4

Brain - Nervous Tissue is dependent upon a steady supply of glucose as ATP.

Glucose fuels rest of body's cells.

Glucose started as glycogen and is important when digestive juices are no longer entering the blood. It is stored in liver and msucle as glycogen and breakdown of it helps with fasting.

Front 5

What is hypoglycemia?

Back 5

It is when blood glucose gets too low. This causes changes in brain function and mental status.

Front 6

What should normal blood glucose be?

Back 6

100-110 mg/dL

Front 7

What is hyperglycemia?

Back 7

Increase in blood glucose and generally you feel prettuy fine. It leads to Type 2 or Type 1 DIABETES. Type 1 diabetes comes on faster

Front 8

With diabetes, where does the damage start?

Back 8

It starts with the blood vessels.

Front 9

What are some symptoms you see with Type I ?

Back 9

You see vessel disease -> CAD and stroke, neuropathy, nephropathy

Front 10

What is a consequence of Type II diabetes?

Back 10

You have same risk for MI as somebody who already had MI

Front 11

What are the majro organs involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Back 11

Liver, Adipose Cells, and Muscle Cells

Front 12

What controls the flow of fuels in or out of these tissues?

Back 12

Hormones and ANS

Front 13

What is role of liver?

Back 13

It can take in glucose and store and output when needed.

Front 14

What is role of adipose cells?

Back 14

They store fat. Fat accumulates when increase in carbs and fat calories. This is insulin target cell for entry of glucose

Front 15

What is role of skeletal muscle cells?

Back 15

This is also target cell for insulin and stores glycogen.

Front 16

What are the two metabolic functional states of the body?

Back 16

Absorptive statte - when ingested nutrients are being absorbed into blood

Postabsorbptive state - state of fasting occurs when no nutrients are absorbed from the GI system. The major goal is to spare glucose for nervous system.

Front 17

What type of reactions occur in absorptive and postabsorptive states?

Back 17

Anabolic in absorptive - build proteins and store fat and glycogen

Catabolic - break down glycogen and mobilize fat stores in post absorptive

Front 18

How are major energy requirements met during absorptive state?

Back 18

oxidation of glucose

Front 19

What are major hormones of absorptive state?

Back 19

Insulin and Growth Hormone

Front 20

What are the forms of CHO ingested?

Back 20

2/3 CHO is plant polysaccharide starch

1/3 is form of disaccharides of sucrose and lactose

Front 21

How much of ingested CHO is absorbed?

Back 21

98%

Front 22

Where is the majority of CHO ingested and absorbed?

Back 22

UPPER 20% of small intestine

Front 23

Where does digestionof CHO begin?

Back 23

Mouth where salivary amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides and short branched chains glucose.

Front 24

What happens to CHO in small intestine?

Back 24

Pancreatic amylase digests starch into disacchardise and short branched chains of glucose

Front 25

After CHO is converted to disaccharides what happens?

Back 25

Sucrose, lactose, maltose are further digested by luminal enzymes located in border of GI epithelial cells into monosaccharids of glucose galactose and fructose

Front 26

What are the functions of GLUT 1, GLUT 5, GLUT 2?

Back 26

GLUT 1 on luminal membrane cotransports Na and glucose or galactose into GI epithelial cell, GLUT 5 on luminal membrane transports fructose into GI epithelial cell, GLUT 2 transprots monosaccharides out of epithelial cells and into interstitial space . It is also found in liver, pancreas and kidney.

Front 27

What is the result of absorbed glucose?

Back 27

It raises plasma glucose levels and stimulate secretion of insulin

Front 28

What does insulin do?

Back 28

It is key anabolic hormone for many tissues in body and promotes uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle and fat cells

Front 29

How can glucose be fully oxidized to ATP in presence of Oxygen?

Back 29

Glycolysis -> pyruvate -> acetyl Co-A enters Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport chain -> ATP and CO2 made

Front 30

How does glucose enter liver with presence of insulin?

Back 30

Glucose converts to liver glycogen or it converts to triglycerides which are packaged into VLDLs and enter circulation

Front 31

How is glucose sent to muscle cell with presence of insulin?

Back 31

Glucose is converted to muscle glycogen or oxidized for energy

Front 32

How is glucsoe sent to fat cell?

Back 32

Glucose is converted to triglycerides in fat cell

Front 33

What is an alternative mechanism to promote glucose entry into muscle cells that is independent of insulin?

Back 33

Muscle contraction - it stimulates the translocation of GLUT 4 transporters into the muscle memrbane stimulates glucose disposal into a skeletal muscle cell

Front 34

Why does regular exercise prevent type 2 diabetes?

Back 34

It enhances insulin sensitivity

Front 35

What ist he response to exercise?

Back 35

Increase glucose transport during exercise and after exervise effect is to promote insulin sensitivity and promote glycogen storage

Front 36

How much glycogen does liver store in liver?

Back 36

400 kcal

Front 37

How much glucose is in plasma?

Back 37

12kcal

Front 38

What isthe major glycogen storage?

Back 38

Muscle glycogen

Front 39

What is upper limit for glycogen storage ?

Back 39

15g/kg body mass

Front 40

For average normal diet what is muscle glycogen stores?

Back 40

1600kcal

Front 41

What depletes glycogen stores?

Back 41

Low carbohydrate or fasting

Front 42

Where does digestion of proteins begin?

Back 42

In stomach where secretion of pepsinogen is converted into pepsin in the presence of H+ Pepsin converts proteins in to peptide fragments or amino acids.

Front 43

_____% of proteins is absorbed as amino acids.

Back 43

99

Front 44

What happens to peptide fragments in small intestine?

Back 44

They are converted to oligopeptides by pancreatic enzymes which are then digested into amino acids or short peptides by intestinal brush boarder peptidases

Front 45

What happens to amino acids that are absorbed?

Back 45

They enter body cells and used to make proteins. They can enter liver and be oxidized for energy and used to make liver proteins. Some are converted into ketoacids which can be converted to urea for excretion, enter krebs cycle for oxidation, or converted to fatty acids

Front 46

What does liver make with CHO and proteins?

Back 46

Fats

Front 47

What is normal protein intake?

Back 47

.83g/kg/dau

Front 48

What is important function of fat in body>?

Back 48

energy, membrane constituent, and precursor for chemical molecules such as steroids

Front 49

Describe process of fat absorption.

Back 49

Dietary fat or chylomicron enters lymph which eventually enters venous circulation. In circulation, LPL releases free fatty acids and monoglycerides and can enter the body's cell.

Front 50

What are the three sources of fat for adipose cells?

Back 50

Glucose -> liver -> triglycerides and transproted in VLDL, Glucose -> adipocyte -> triglyceride for storage, or free fatty acids nad monoglyucerides -> adipocyte -> triglycerides

Front 51

What percent of ingested fat is absorbed?

Back 51

95

Front 52

Where does fat digestion and absoprtion occur almost entirely?

Back 52

Small intestine

Front 53

What happens in the process of fat absorption?

Back 53

In stomach, fat aggrregates into lipid droplets that are emulsified into emulsion droplets by mechanical disruption by intestinal motility and by emulsifying agents including bile salts. These emulsion droplets in presence of pancreatic lipase are converted to fatty acids and monoglycerides. They are absorbed across gut wall as micelles

Front 54

What is the major goal of the postabsorptive state?

Back 54

To maintain blood glucose levels for the nervous system. Spare glucose for nervous sytem and oxidize fats

Front 55

What are major hormones of the postabsorptive state?

Back 55

Glucagon, cortisol, epi and nor epi, and GH

Front 56

What do these hormones do collectively?

Back 56

They function to mobilize fuels by the catabolism of CHOs, fats and proteins and elevate blood glucose

Front 57

What are sources of blood glucose during post absorptive state?

Back 57

Liver glycogenolysis, Muscle Glycogenolysis (glycogen converted to pyruvate where it goes to liver to release as free glucose), Lipolysis - converting triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids which travel to liver where used to make new glucose via gluconeogenesis, Protein catabolism - protein converted to amino acids which are used by liver for gluconeogenesis

Front 58

What is a lipoprotein?

Back 58

Molecule composed of fat and protein

Front 59

Describe the lipoprotein chlymicrons?

Back 59

This class of lipoproteins transports dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from small itnestine to body's cells

Front 60

VLDL -

Back 60

Very low density lipoproteins transprot triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to body cells

Front 61

IDL

Back 61

formed from degradation of VLDL

Front 62

LDL

Back 62

Lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to body's cells. Elevated LDL is a risk factor for atherosclerosis .

Front 63

HDL

Back 63

High density lipo proeins consisting of cholesterol and carry it back from tissues and organs to lvier to be degraded or recycled

Front 64

Why does brain require constant supply of glucose?

Back 64

It cannot store fuels

Front 65

The brain accounts for how much consumption of glucose?

Back 65

60%

Front 66

What is brain sensitive to?

Back 66

Lower blood glucose - below 70mg/dl

Front 67

What are the major fuels for muscle?

Back 67

CHO, fats, ketones

Front 68

What does muscle use during resting?

Back 68

Fatty Acids

Front 69

What utilization is increased during muscle activity?

Back 69

CHO