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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune system?
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Innate not unique to foreign invader but adaptive is specific to forein invader
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What are leukocytes?
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White blood cells that protect us from infection/disease with two mechanisms: phagocytosis and formation of antibodies or special lymphocytes
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Define Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissue.
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They generate lymphocytes. This tissue functions as a barrier to the outside environment. Secondary Tissue is any point where lymphocyte response is generated
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Describe microbes.
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They are mostly bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.
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What microbes are we worried about in US and then globally?
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Bacteria and Viruses and globally, we are worried about parasites.
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What is immune surveilance?
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Recognition and destruction of cancer cells in body.
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What are the 3E's of cancer surveillance?
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Eliminated, Equilibrium, Escape
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What is Immune Tolerance?
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Lack of immune response to self .... 2 levels, innate and adaptyive
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Describe the steps to creating leukocytes via myeloid linkage.
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Hematopoeitic stem cell in bone marrow -> myeloid precursor -> granulocyte precursor-> neutrophils and monocytes -> neutrophils enter as themselves in periphery and monocytes become macrophages in periphery
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What percentage of WBC do neutrophils make up ?
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50-75
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What percentage of WBC's do macrophages make up?
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2-8%
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Describe the genesis of leukocytes via lymphoid lineage.
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Hematopoeitic stem cell in bone marrow -> lymphoid precursor -> granuloctye precursor -> B and immature T cells -> B cells in periphery and T cells in periphery
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What is the 1st line of defense?
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Skin and mucous membranes. Skin secretes antimicrobial chemicals such as lysozyme lactoferrin and antimicrobial peptides. Mucus from epithelial lining taps particles and pH of GI tract helps tract resist microbial colonization.
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What is the 2nd line of defense?
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Inflammation
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What is the 3rd line of defense?
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Specific immunity
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What is phagocytosis?
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It is a non specific mechanism of intracellular destruction of microbes.
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What are our most important phagocytes?
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Neutrophils and Macrophages
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What enhances phagocytosis of a forein substance?
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Presence of rough microbial cell coat along with "opsonization" (immune function that marks a substance for elimination)
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What distinguished foreign invaders from host cells?
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Presence of PAMPs
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What are the steps of phagocytosis?
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1. Contact of phagocyte with microbial cell wall
2. Engulfment of the microbe by the phagocyte to form phagosome 3. Fusion of phagosome with cell lysosome to form phagolysosome 4. Lysosomal enzymatic digestion of microbe's macromolecules 5. Release of antimicrobial substances into cell and ECF |
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What are the phagocytic receptors?
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Macrophage Mannose Receptors (sugars on cell wall), Scavenger Receptors (found on cell surface of macrophage or neutrophil), Toll Like Receptors (induces genomic changes in phagocytic cell so it does not promote phagocytosis)
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What is specific acquired immunity?
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Formation of antibodies or production of special lymphocytes that destroy the microbe by formation of a lytic complex
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What is the difference between barriers in Innate vs. Acquired?
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Innate barriers include skin and mucosal, secretion of antimicrobial chemicals, mucus, and gastric acid. Presence of normal flora and cough and sneeze reflexes
Acquired - Skin and Mucosa |
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What are the difference in cells between innate and acquried?
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Innate cells are macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells, and dendritic cells
Humoral are B lymphocytes which secrete antibodies Cell Mediated are CD8+ which carry out cell mediated attack via secretion of lytic protein called perforin |
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What are the circulating molecules of innate and acquired immune system?
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Innate circulating molecules are complement proteins and acquiored are antibodies such as Immunoglobulins for humoral.
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What are soluble mediators for innate and acquired immune syste,.
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Innate - cell derived cytokines and secretion of opsonins, hustamine, kinins, eicosanoids, MAC
Humoral - lymphocyte driven cytokines from CD4+ CELLS Cell Mediated - lymphycite driven cytokines from CD4+ Cells and perforin secretion from CD8+ cells in close contact with infected target cells |
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What does the complement protein of the innate circulating molecules do?
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It opsinizes pathogen to facilitate uptake and generates inflammatory responses
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What is the function of TNFa?
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It is a cytokine from macrophage and dendritic cell (innate) that induces chagnes in cell cell junction, works with blood clotting
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What is IL-1?
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It is also made by macrophages and acts on liver and lymphocytes
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What happens when IL-1 acts on liver?
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It causes acute phase protein production
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What is inflammation?
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It is the immediate biochemical and cellular response of the body to cellular trauma in vascularized tissue. It is a characteristic of the innate system because it occurs no matter the type of cellular injury
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What is acute inflammation?
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Self limiting process that lasts 8-10 days. If inflammation lasts longer than two weeks it is chronic.
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What are the clinical hallmarks of inflammation?
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rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolar (pain)
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What are the goals of the cells and proteins producing the inflammatory response?
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Kill microorganizms, remove cellular and inflammatory derived ebris, and prepare injured site for tissue regeneration
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What happens with overproduction of IL-1?
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It can cause uncontrolled tissue damage
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Describe the sequence of events in acute inflammatory response.
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1. Mast Cell Degranulation - release of vasoactive substances that stimulate immediate vasoconstriction followed by a vasodilation that increases blood flow tto the area and aids formation of exudate. Here the release of chemotactic factors provide chemical gradient to guide neutrophils and eosinophils to inflamed site.
2. Chemotaxis - guides movement of WBCs out of the blood into the area of inflammation by chemoattractants called chemokines. 3. Neutrophils are the first phagocytic leukocytes to arrive at the inflamed area. They phagocytose bacteria, dead cells, and debris. They are short lived and removed. Macrophages are enxt phagocytes to arrive and stay for logner time. They also process and present antigen to lymphocytes, release chemicals and secretion of cytokines. Platelets come and help clot. |
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What is main chemokine for neutrophils?
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IL-8
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What are the four plasma protein systems that help leukocytes and platelets carry out their function?
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1. Complement System
2. Clotting Proteins 3. Kinin System 4. Immunoglobulins |
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Describe the purpose of the complement protein?
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It assists the inflammatory and immune systems by producing MAC (membrane attack complex). It also opsinizes pathogens and produces inflammatory mediators such as MAC which punches hole in membrane of pathogen.
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Complement proteins make up about ____% of plasma proteins
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10
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Describe the sequence of events in acute inflammatory response.
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1. Mast Cell Degranulation - release of vasoactive substances that stimulate immediate vasoconstriction followed by a vasodilation that increases blood flow tto the area and aids formation of exudate. Here the release of chemotactic factors provide chemical gradient to guide neutrophils and eosinophils to inflamed site.
2. Chemotaxis - guides movement of WBCs out of the blood into the area of inflammation by chemoattractants called chemokines. 3. Neutrophils are the first phagocytic leukocytes to arrive at the inflamed area. They phagocytose bacteria, dead cells, and debris. They are short lived and removed. Macrophages are enxt phagocytes to arrive and stay for logner time. They also process and present antigen to lymphocytes, release chemicals and secretion of cytokines. Platelets come and help clot. |
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What does activation of complement proteins C1-C5 produces?
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protein fragments that enhance inflammation such as opsonins for coating bacteria and enhancing phagocytosis, chemotacti substances, and anaphlatoxins that induce mast cell degranulation
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What is main chemokine for neutrophils?
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IL-8
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What does activation of componenents C6-C9 of complement proteins do
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Form complexes of lysing cells called MAC - membrane attack complex
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What are the four plasma protein systems that help leukocytes and platelets carry out their function?
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1. Complement System
2. Clotting Proteins 3. Kinin System 4. Immunoglobulins |
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What are the two ways of activating the complement system?
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1. Classical way involves bidning of an antibody antigen complex with complement protein C1
2. alternate pathway activated by bacterial or fungal cell wall polysachharides. It begins with C3b |
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Describe the purpose of the complement protein?
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It assists the inflammatory and immune systems by producing MAC (membrane attack complex). It also opsinizes pathogens and produces inflammatory mediators such as MAC which punches hole in membrane of pathogen.
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Describe the function of the clotting system.
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The proteins of the clotting system form a fibrinopus meshwork at the inflamed area to trap exudates, microorganisms, and foreign substances. It walls off the area to prevent spread of infection and inflammation. Fibrin network provides framework for repair and healing. Clotting system contains inflammation system
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Complement proteins make up about ____% of plasma proteins
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10
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Describe the sequence of events in acute inflammatory response.
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1. Mast Cell Degranulation - release of vasoactive substances that stimulate immediate vasoconstriction followed by a vasodilation that increases blood flow tto the area and aids formation of exudate. Here the release of chemotactic factors provide chemical gradient to guide neutrophils and eosinophils to inflamed site.
2. Chemotaxis - guides movement of WBCs out of the blood into the area of inflammation by chemoattractants called chemokines. 3. Neutrophils are the first phagocytic leukocytes to arrive at the inflamed area. They phagocytose bacteria, dead cells, and debris. They are short lived and removed. Macrophages are enxt phagocytes to arrive and stay for logner time. They also process and present antigen to lymphocytes, release chemicals and secretion of cytokines. Platelets come and help clot. |
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What happens with activation of the kinin system?
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Kinin cascade produces substances that act as vasodilator and act with prostaglandins to induce pain, causes smooth muscle contraction adn increases vascular permeability and acts as chemotaxin.
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What is main chemokine for neutrophils?
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IL-8
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What does activation of complement proteins C1-C5 produces?
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protein fragments that enhance inflammation such as opsonins for coating bacteria and enhancing phagocytosis, chemotacti substances, and anaphlatoxins that induce mast cell degranulation
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What are the four plasma protein systems that help leukocytes and platelets carry out their function?
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1. Complement System
2. Clotting Proteins 3. Kinin System 4. Immunoglobulins |
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What does activation of componenents C6-C9 of complement proteins do
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Form complexes of lysing cells called MAC - membrane attack complex
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What are the two ways of activating the complement system?
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1. Classical way involves bidning of an antibody antigen complex with complement protein C1
2. alternate pathway activated by bacterial or fungal cell wall polysachharides. It begins with C3b |
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Describe the purpose of the complement protein?
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It assists the inflammatory and immune systems by producing MAC (membrane attack complex). It also opsinizes pathogens and produces inflammatory mediators such as MAC which punches hole in membrane of pathogen.
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Describe the function of the clotting system.
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The proteins of the clotting system form a fibrinopus meshwork at the inflamed area to trap exudates, microorganisms, and foreign substances. It walls off the area to prevent spread of infection and inflammation. Fibrin network provides framework for repair and healing. Clotting system contains inflammation system
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Complement proteins make up about ____% of plasma proteins
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10
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What happens with activation of the kinin system?
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Kinin cascade produces substances that act as vasodilator and act with prostaglandins to induce pain, causes smooth muscle contraction adn increases vascular permeability and acts as chemotaxin.
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What does activation of complement proteins C1-C5 produces?
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protein fragments that enhance inflammation such as opsonins for coating bacteria and enhancing phagocytosis, chemotacti substances, and anaphlatoxins that induce mast cell degranulation
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What does activation of componenents C6-C9 of complement proteins do
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Form complexes of lysing cells called MAC - membrane attack complex
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What are the two ways of activating the complement system?
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1. Classical way involves bidning of an antibody antigen complex with complement protein C1
2. alternate pathway activated by bacterial or fungal cell wall polysachharides. It begins with C3b |
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Describe the function of the clotting system.
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The proteins of the clotting system form a fibrinopus meshwork at the inflamed area to trap exudates, microorganisms, and foreign substances. It walls off the area to prevent spread of infection and inflammation. Fibrin network provides framework for repair and healing. Clotting system contains inflammation system
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What happens with activation of the kinin system?
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Kinin cascade produces substances that act as vasodilator and act with prostaglandins to induce pain, causes smooth muscle contraction adn increases vascular permeability and acts as chemotaxin.
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What is the primary kinin?
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Bradykinin
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When can chronic inflammation occur?
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It can occur as a result of failed acute inflammatory processes or as a distinct process itself where foreign substances are structured such that they are not easily phagocytosed or microorganisms that survive within macrophages or due to persistent irritation by chemicals or physical irritants
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What characterizes chronic inflammation?
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Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration
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What are granulomas?
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Isolated walled off area formed if neutrophils and macrophages are unable to kill foreign substances during acute phase inflammation
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What are the three major classes of anti-inflammatory drugs?
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1. Steroids decrease the number of circulating lymphoctyes
2. Immune Suppressants reduce graft rejection and blocks production of cytokines 3. NSAIDS - non steroid anti inflammatory drugs |
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What is Muckle Wells Syndrome?
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It is a rare disease that is autosomal dominant and it ivolves mutation of CIAS1 gene or gene for cyropyrin. This leads to increased production of IL1 causing uncontrolled inflammation.
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What are symptoms of MWS?
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Fever, massive tissue damage, Swelling, Arthiritis, Joint Pain, Deafness
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How would you treat MWS?
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IL1 Receptor antagonis - competes with IL1 to bind with receptor
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In what way is the innate immune system specific?
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It can recognize the difference between microbesa nd host cvells
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What is SCID?
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Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency. No B cells, so lived in bubble and can't survive without adaptive immune system.
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