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87 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Term Physiology
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The science of body function
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It's a science
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Term homeostasis
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The condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by the interplay of the body's regular processes
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An equilibrium in the body's environment
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The 6 organisations of the body
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Chemical (atoms,DNA)
Cellular (smooth muscle cells, living units) Tissue (smooth muscle tissue) Organ (stomach) System (digestive system) Organism |
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6 basic life processes
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Metabolism
Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Differentiation Movement |
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Metabolism definition
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The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
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Responsiveness definition
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The body's ability to detect and respond to the change in its internal/external environment
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Movement definition
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The motion of the whole body's individual cells and microscopic structures inside the cell
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Growth definition
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Increase in body's size, cell size and number of cells
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Reproduction definition
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The formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement
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Differentiation definition
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The process that a cells goes through to develop from an unspecialised to a specialised state
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2 types of cellular fluid
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (EFC) |
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What is Extracellular fluid made up off
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Plasma
Interstitial fluid |
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The percentage of the fluid in the body
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ICF=66%(2/3)
ECF=33%(1/3) IF=75%(3/4) of ECF Plasma=25%(1/4) of ECF |
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What is Extracellular fluid transport system
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The movement of fluid around the circulatory system, through capillaries and cells via diffusion and in to the interstitial space
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Homeostasis can be effected by
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External distribution (lack of oxygen)
Internal distribution (low glucose level) Physiological distribution (stress) Prolong distribution (poisoning) Severe infections |
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Homeostatic control mechanism
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Maintain a constant condition (norm range)
If deviates form norm automatic response An imbalance will result in disease or death |
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Homeostatic regulations
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Nervous system is rapid
Endocrine system is slow |
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Feedback control system
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System monitored by
Receptors, control centre, effector |
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Feedback control stages
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Stimuli, control condition, receptor, input, control centre, output, effector,response, feedback. (Back to top)
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Negative feedback
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Stabilises disturbances in control centre and reverse any divination (body temp, blood pressure, glucose level)
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Positive feedback
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Instability and intensifies the deviation and is sometimes useful. (Labour, blood clotting)
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Elements in body (main)
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C,H,O,N
Consist of 96% of body mass |
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Minerals in body
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Ca,P,K,Na,Cl,Mg,S,Fe,L
3.9% body mass Trace elements 0.1% |
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Water facts
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It is the medium which nearly allows all body chemical reactions to occur.
50%~60% body mass |
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Water facts 2
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Varies with age and gender and body mass and body far
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Water elements in cellular fluids
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ECF = Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF = K+, Mg2+, phosphate |
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Carbohydrates energy sources for cells
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Monosaccharide (glucose)
Polysaccharide (glycogen) Disaccharide |
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Structural component
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DNA
RNA ATP Glycoproteins |
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Lipid energy source for cells
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Triglycerides
Saturated / unsaturated fats Stored in adipose tissue |
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Structural components lipids
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Phospholipids, glycolipids,cholesterol
Transported by lipoproteins |
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Proteins (amino acids)
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Peptides
Dipeptide Polypeptide |
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Energy sources cells
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ATP
Converts in food to energy used by cells |
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ATP to energy
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ATP=>ADP+Pi+energy
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ATP used in cells
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ATP will be produced by the breakdown of carbs and fats.
As ATP turns in to ADP active transport will be done at a cellular level and the ATP ulterlising process will activate while this is all going on ATP will turn in to ADP and make energy |
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Ions, salts in water
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Acids have H+ donor
Bases have H+ acceptors To achieve a acid base balance |
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PH balance
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-PH < 7 = acid
PH = 7 = neutral +PH >7 = base |
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Plasma menbrane
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Separates the inside and outside of cell. It regulates passages in and out of the cell by responding to signals
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Plasma membrane has 3 parts
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Polar head (phobic)
Non polar tail (philic) Membrane proteins |
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Plasma membrane
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Semi preamble
Regulates materials through channel proteins (entry) carrier proteins (exit) in (ICF) and out (ECF) of cell via the phospholipid bilayer |
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Different types of protein and diffusion types
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Channel protein (simple diffusion)
Carrier protein (facilitated diffusion) Carrier protein (active transport the use of ATP) |
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Transportation through cell membrane
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Transports across the gradient which is semi permeable. Living cells can maintain larger/smaller concentrations of substances in the cytosol than in ECF
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Plasma membrane 2
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The difference in the chemicals on either side of the plasma membrane creates a concentration gradient and it also creates an electrical due to the electrical charges on either side
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Gradients
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Maintains both chemical and electrical is important to the cells. Help move substance across a plasma membrane
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Gradient types
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Passive-moves down its own concentration gradient using its own kinetic energy
Active-cellular energy (usually ATP) is used to drive the substances up hill against its own gradient |
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Simple diffusion
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Random movements of solutes due too it's own kinetic energy
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Net diffusion
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Equilibrium (random molecular movements present but no change in concentration)
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Lipid soluable
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O2,co2,fa's,steroids,fat soluble and vitamins a,e,d,k
Simple diffusion |
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Factors that effect diffusion
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Steepness of concentration gradient
Temperature Size/matter Surface area Distance |
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Simple diffusion
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Regular passive diffusion through plasma membrane
Protein channel allowing passive transport |
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Osmosis
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Movement of water
Requires semi permeable membrane and solute concentration gradient |
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Osmosis terms
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Osmolarity- number of particles per litter of solution
Osmotic pressure- concentration of solution |
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Primary active transport and it's functions
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2 solutes move in opposite direction
Osmotic stability Bio electricity Secondary active transport Cell matabolism |
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Sodium potassium pump
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In all cells; energy consuming
Na+ expelled, k+ imported Intracellular = low Na+/high k+ Extracellular = high Na+/low k+ |
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Secondary active transport
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Energy that is stored in the Na+ or H+ gradients is use to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradient this occurs by Na or H ions are moved down hill towards the cytosol
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Secondary active transport
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When a force acts on a cell membrane it will influence the direction of the ions movement
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Secondary active transport
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Electrical gradient will allow ions to flow
The electrical charge is called a membrane potential |
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Secondary active transport
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Chemical gradient will allow diffusion via a concentration gradient
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Electrochemical gradient
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Maintenance of ionic gradients between inside and outside cell
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Electrochemical gradients stages
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Maintenance of different concentrations inside and out side of cell
When stimulated there will be a change in cell permeability Movement of the specific ions in a certain direction only |
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Electrochemical gradients
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These are essential requirements for maintaining membrane potential of ions between ECF and ICF
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Resting membrane potentials
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This is an electrical voltage difference across the resting cell membrane due to an unequal disturbance of ions between ECF and IFC
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Resting membrane potentials
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In order to stimulate the cell diffusion of ions are required which happens by voltage gates opening and a Na+-K+ pump
This will create an action potential |
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Action potentials
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This is a sudden reversal in membrane polarity produced by a stimulus
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Action potential stages
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Resting stage (membrane polarised)
Despoliation stage Repolarisation stage An action potential produces a physiological affect |
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Vesicular transport
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A cellular function that fights disease and foreign bodies that are in the ECF
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Vesicular transport
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Cells will bring substances into the ICF destroying the foreign cells content and release the neutralised contents back in to ECF so body can excrete naturally
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Formation of vesicles
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Small spherical membrane sac formed by building off from existing membranes but energy will be consumed (ATP)
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4 types of vesicular transport
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Endocytosis (vesicular entry into cell)
Phagocytosis (the neutralising of foreign particles) Exocytosis (vesicular exit out of a cell) Secretory vesicles in to ECF |
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Endocytosis
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Digestion of substances in phagocytosis vessels by enzymes derived form lysomes
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Bone physiology functions
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Support (framework)
Protection (organs) Assistance in movement Mineral homeostasis Blood cell production Triglyceride storage |
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Bone structure
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Articular cartilage
Cancellous bone Compact bone Medullary cavity Nutrient artery |
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Compact bone, Cancellous bone
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Osteon
Canlicali Lamellar Volkmann canal Haversian canal Spongy bone Compact bone |
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Structure of long bone
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Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (ends) Metaphysis (joins epiphysis) Articular cartilage (covers epiphysis) Periosteum (sheet around bone) Endosteum (internal bone surface) Modular cavity (space within) |
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Bone connective tissue matrix
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25% water
25% protein fibres 50% crystal monetised salts |
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Bone connective tissue cells
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Osteogenic
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
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Bone connective tissue stages
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Cell division (osteoblasts)
Secrete materials that form bone tissue, bone synthesis mineralised and classification Maintains cellular activity which maintains bone tissue Bone reabsorption destruction of bone matrix, giant cells |
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Matrix
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Crystallised minerals (salts) bone will harden
(Calcium+phosphorus= hydroxyapatite crystal) |
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Matrix
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Collagen fibres will provide bone flexibility/tensile strength
(Contains glycoproteins) |
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Calcification stages
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Calcification
Mineral salts deposited in cologne fibres Crystallised and harden |
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Compact bone tissue
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Few spaces between hard components
External layers of all bone Formed from connective tissue in the bone It osteons also made out of compact bone |
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Wall of long bone
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Function of compact bone
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Protect
Support Oston alignment |
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Osteon alignment
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Along lines of stress
Adaptable and changeable Very strong when stress parallel to axis Shaft will resist bending under extreme force applied at each end and body weight movement |
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Cancellous bone (spongy)
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Many spaces between them
No formed osteons Short flat irregular bones Formed in connective rings |
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Functions of spongy bone
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Support and protect bone marrow
Red bone marrow creation Located where bone not heavily stressed Stress form many directions Transport force with out breaking Lighter than compact bone |
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Blood/nerve supply of bone
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Rich supply of blood
Nutrient artery via nutrient Forman Proximal and distal branches |
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Bone formation
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Intramembranous ossification
Endochoral ossification |
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