Human Physiology Chapter 2/scientific Method

Front 1

scientific method

Back 1

science is a way of knowing

Front 2

theory

Back 2

hunch or guess

Front 3

scientific method (steps)

Back 3

1. make observations

2. ask questions

3. develop a hypotheses

4. make predictions

5. test the prediction or experimentation

6. analyze and interpret data

7. report your findings

Front 4

6 characteristics of living things

Back 4

1. all organisms must maintain a state of biological balance called homeostasis

maintain internal environment despite changes in external environment

2. living things reproduce and develop

give rise to another organism like oneself

instructions for organism organization and development is in genes

3. living things interact with their environment

living things respond to their environment and and to other living things. collective response of organism = behavior of organism

4. living things acquire materials and energy

conducting life sustaining processes require an outside source of energy. energy the capacity to do work

5. living things have evolved from other living things

the addition of adaptations and modifications through evolution creates organisms suited for their environment

6. living things are highly organized compared to nonliving things

new properties emerge at each level

Front 5

levels of living organisms

Back 5

atoms-molecules-cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism

Front 6

prokaryotic cells

Back 6

DNA not held w/in a membrane bound nucleus

evolutionary older than eukaryotic cells

don't contain organelles

Front 7

eukaryotic cells

Back 7

DNA held w/in a membrane bound nucleus

cells are larger often 10-100x.

presence of nucleus

contain organelles

Front 8

plasma membrane

Back 8

a selective barrier surrounding the cell and separating it from its extra cellular (outside cell) environment. exchanges materials between the intra cellular (inside cell) and extracellular space

Front 9

cilia

Back 9

transport materials around stationary cells

Front 10

flagellum

Back 10

a longer whip like structure used for locomotion

Front 11

nucleus

Back 11

the longest organelle in the cell. contains most genes in a eukaryotic cell

Front 12

nuclear envelope

Back 12

separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane

protein pores allow large macro molecules and particles to pass through this membrane . contains chromatin DNA and proteins

Front 13

nucleolous

Back 13

a darkly stained region of the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes. factory for ribosomal RNA

structure- rrna is a component of ribosomes

Front 14

ribosomes (structure)

Back 14

protein factories. ribosomes receive messenger RNA from the nucleus which instructs the ribosomes of the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized. site of protein synthesis in the cell

Front 15

ribosomes (function)

Back 15

free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol

function- synthesize proteins needed by the cell.

bound ribosomes- attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

function: synthesize membrane proteins and exported proteins

Front 16

smooth ER

Back 16

lacks ribosomes. function- synthesize lipids. including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. stores calcium ions.

Front 17

rough ER

Back 17

ribosomes attached to the outside. packages proteins into transport vesicles.

Front 18

golgi complex

Back 18

distribution center. function- finishes sorts, and ships cell products

Front 19

lysosomes

Back 19

digestive compartments. a membrane bounded vesicle (sac) of hydrolytic enzymes. break down worn out molecules, worn organelles, food, and even invading bacteria.

Front 20

mitochondria

Back 20

powerhouse of the cell. site of cellular respiration. generating atp from the break of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.

Front 21

cytoskeleton

Back 21

network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. functions- organizes the structures and activities of the cell. provides mechanical support and maintains shape of cell. provides anchorage for many organelles

Front 22

4 components of plasma membrane

Back 22

1. Phospholipids

2. cholestoral

3. proteins

4. carbohydrates

Front 23

4 primary tissues (identify on model)

Back 23

1. muscle (movement)

2. Nervous: communication

3. epithelial: barriers, secretion and absorbption

4. connective (structure and Support)

Front 24

connective tissue

Back 24

cartilage, bone, tendon, adipose tissue, blood, and elastic

Front 25

Endocrine (glands)

Back 25

secrete hormones

Front 26

nervous (brain)

Back 26

communication control

Front 27

muscular (skeletal muscles )

Back 27

movement

Front 28

circulatory (heart)

Back 28

circulation of the blood

Front 29

integumentary (skin)

Back 29

protection

Front 30

skeletal (bones)

Back 30

structure and support

Front 31

respiratory (lung)

Back 31

delivery of o2

Front 32

digestive (stomach)

Back 32

digestion and absorption of food

Front 33

immune (white blood cells)

Back 33

defense against infection

Front 34

urinary (kidneys)

Back 34

excretion of waste

Front 35

reproductive (ovaries and testes)

Back 35

reproduction

Front 36

gene

Back 36

organisms organization and development

Front 37

tissue

Back 37

a group of cells with similar function

Front 38

organ

Back 38

two or more tissues joined in a structural unit to perform a given function

Front 39

organ system

Back 39

group of organs that work together to perform a common function

Front 40

hydrophilic

Back 40

water loving

Front 41

hydrophobic

Back 41

water fearing

Front 42

intracellular

Back 42

inside cell

Front 43

extracellular

Back 43

outside cell

Front 44

ATP

Back 44

adenosine triphosphate.. energy source of cell

Front 45

microvilli

Back 45

increase surface area of the membrane to speed up transport

Front 46

exocrine

Back 46

have ducts that carry product to the surface of epithelial membrane

Front 47

endocrine

Back 47

no ducts. secretes chemical messengers into the blood of extracellular fluid

Front 48

examples of connective tissue

Back 48

adipose blood and elastic