Human Physiology

Front 1

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that separate next to...

Back 1

Spinal cord into Dorsal and Ventral roots

Front 2

How many pairs of Spinal nerves and Cranial nerves

Back 2

31 and 12

Front 3

What two types of information do cranial nerves carry?

Back 3

Motor and Sensory fibers

Front 4

Which of the following is not a term associated with the ANS: Adernergic, ACh, (nor)epinephrine, seratonergic, cholinergic

Back 4

Seratonergic

Front 5

All preganglionic SANS and PANS release ACh?

Back 5

True

Front 6

All cholinergic receptors act via G-Protein cascade

Back 6

False, only the muscaranic

Front 7

Which of the following organs or tissues is not an organ with dual innervation?

Adrenal medulla

Iris

Intestines

Bladder

Heart

Back 7

Adrenal medulla...everything else has a agonist and antagonist behavior.

Front 8

The (blank) of the brain stem controls many activites of the autonomic nervous systems

Back 8

Medulla Oblongata

Front 9

ACh, as a neurotransmitter, can work at what two receptors?

Back 9

Muscarinic ACh and Nicotinic ACh receptor

Front 10

ACh receptors

Back 10

Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors. They can accept ACh along with Muscarinic and Nicotine as NTs respectively.

Front 11

What is a collection of axons wrapped together in the Peripheral Nervous System called?

Back 11

A Nerve

Front 12

__________ conduction occurs within myelinated axons?

Back 12

Saltatory Conduction: Leaping of the action potential at one node depolarizes the membrane at the next node to threshold.

Front 13

Following structures are part of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 13

Spinal nerves and Cranial nerves

Front 14

When a cell returns to its resting potential, the cell is undergoing....

Back 14

Repolarization

Front 15

What is the specialized name for the synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell?

Back 15

Neuromuscular junction

Front 16

Changes in the permeability of the membrane are due to

Back 16

The opening and closing of ion channels

Front 17

The supporting cells of the nervous system that aid the functions of the neurons are collectively called

Back 17

Neuroglia or Glial cells

Front 18

Action Potential: Depolarization of an axon affects Na+ and K+ diffusion in sequence

Back 18

Front 19

Events in excitatory synaptic transmission: The different regions of the postsynaptic neuron are specialized, with ligand-(chemically) gated channels located in the dendrites and cell body, and voltage-gated channels located in the axon.

Back 19

Front 20

What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Back 20

Oligodendrocytes

Front 21

What type of neuroglial cell supports the metabolic needs of the blood-brain barrier?

Back 21

Astrocytes

Front 22

The Period of time when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus, no matter how strong!

Back 22

Absolute Refractory Period. Relative refractory period is when some of the Na+ are opening while K+ are opened and closing...prepping time.

Front 23

What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal?
1 - Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm
2 - Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
3 - Action potential reaches axon terminal
4 - Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane
5 - Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

Back 23

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Front 24

What are the locations of nicotinic ACh receptors?

Back 24

Autonomic ganglia, specific regions of the brain, and skeletal muscle

Front 25

Nicotinic receptors are also ion channels?

Back 25

True. Nicotinic ACh receptors also functions as ion channels

Front 26

When a neurotransmitter binds to a nicotinic receptor, the ion channel opens and

Back 26

Na+ diffuses into and K+ diffuses out of the cell simultaneously. The electrochemical gradient for Na+ is greater than for K+, so that the effect of the inward diffusion of Na+ predominates, resulting in a depolarization known as an EPSP. Excitatory Postsynaptic potential.

Front 27

Are all neurotransmitters made of amino acids?

Back 27

Large # of diverse molecules appear to function as neurotransmitters. Include some amino acids and their derivatives, many polypeptides and even gas nitric oxide.

Front 28

The convergence of many presynaptic terminals onto one postsynaptic neuron is called

Back 28

Spatial Summation

Front 29

Successive EPSPs from a presynaptic terminal to a postsynaptic neuron is called

Back 29

Temporal Summation

Front 30

Why are temporal and spatial summation imp?

Back 30

Imp in determining the strength of the depolarization stimulus at the initial segment of the axon and thereby the frequency of action potential production

Front 31

Acetylcholine is actively transported from the pre-synaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane

Back 31

False. It diffuses

Front 32

Those cranial nerves associated with the special senses consist of:

Back 32

Sensory Fibers only. The cell bodies of these sensory neurons are not located in the brain, but instead are found in the ganglia near the sensory organ.

Note: Most cranial nerves are classified as mixed nerves.

Front 33

An unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus is known as a

Back 33

reflex

Front 34

The nuclei found in the anterior hypothalamus that function as "clock cells" can be found in the

Back 34

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Front 35

Coordination of sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes is integrated with controls primarily from the:

Back 35

Hypothalamus: It also works together with the limbic system.

Front 36

What all does the hypothalamus do?

Back 36

Regulates Body Temp, Secretes hormone that affects the pituitary: ADH and Oxytocin (stores in pituitary). Regulates sleep and wakefulness.

Coordination of sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes is thus integrated with the control of somatic and endocrine responses by hypothalamus.

The activities of the hypothalamus are in turn influenced by higher brain centers.

Front 37

The two cerebral hemisphere communicate with each other via the

Back 37

Corpus Callosum

Front 38

The cerebral cortex contains depressed grooves called

Back 38

Sulci

Front 39

The elevated folds in the cerebral cortex is called

Back 39

Gyri

Front 40

The cerebral cortex is characterized by numerous folds and grooves called

Back 40

convolutions

Front 41

Telencephalon primarily responsible for higher mental function is the

Back 41

Cerebrum. Telencephalon grows disproportionately in humans, forming the two enormous cerebral hemispheres (of the cerebrum)

Front 42

In the efferent (or motor) neurons of the ANS, preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the

Back 42

CNS. These fibers originate in the midbrain and hindbrain and in the upper thoracic to the fourth sacral levels of the spinal cord.

Front 43

In the efferent neurons of the ANS, postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the?

Back 43

Autonomic Ganglia (a ganglion is a collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS).

Front 44

An effector organ is innervated by

Back 44

postganglionic neurons