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418 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percent of total blood flow to the body per minute goes to the brain?
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15%
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neural stem cells in an adult mammalian brains are found in the _____________.
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subventricular and subgranular
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_______ innervates muscles and glands.
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motor neurons
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in the cerebrum, the _______ matter is generally superficial and the ________ matter is deep.
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grey, white
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the midbrain forms from the.........
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metencephalon
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cerbrospinal fluid is found
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within the central canal and within the ventricles
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neural crest cells differentiate into
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peripheral nervous system ganglia
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the function of _________ neurons is to link the sensory stimuli with the appropirate motor responses.
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association
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which of the following is the correct list of the lobes of the cerebrum?
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frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occiptal
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which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory?
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subgranular zone of the hippocampus
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neural stem cells from the sumbentricular zoneare important in the renewel of ________ neurons.
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olfactory
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_______ is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a particular damaging amyloid beta peptide that is implicated in inherited forms of early onset alzheimers disease
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y- secretase
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which of the following is not a characteristic of alzheimers disease?
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most cases are inherited
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damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit?
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hearing
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what type of neurons are found in the precentral gyrus?
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upper motor neurons
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what condition may be partly caused by impairment of mirror neuron function?
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autism spectrum disorder
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which imaging technique uses magnetic fields produced by postsympathetic electric currents to produce an image?
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MEG
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a record of the electrical currents of the cerebral cortex is an
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electroencephalogram
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during _______ sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur.
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REM
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which type of sleep pattern may aid the consolidation of memory?
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nonREM
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which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with cerebral nuclei function?
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acetylcholine
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aphasias are most often associated with damage to _______ and _______ areas..
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broca's and wernicke's
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permanent aphasias often occur when
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wernickes area is damaged
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what structure connects wernickes area to brocas area?
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arcuate fasciculus
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The hypothalamus and the limibic system are involved in
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all of the choices are correct
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the _______ lobe is involved in converting short term memory to long term memory.
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medial temporal
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MRI images are living amnesiac patients show a shrunken...
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hippocampus
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which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complez problem solving?
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prefrontal cortex
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what ion is involved in stimulateing genetic transcription needed for learning and memory?
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Ca2
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which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with cerebral nuclei function?
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acetylcholine
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which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with cerebral nuclei function?
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acetylcholine
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the _____ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
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amygdala
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aphasias are most often associated with damage to _______ and _______ areas..
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broca's and wernicke's
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aphasias are most often associated with damage to _______ and _______ areas..
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broca's and wernicke's
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permanent aphasias often occur when
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wernickes area is damaged
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permanent aphasias often occur when
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wernickes area is damaged
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what structure connects wernickes area to brocas area?
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arcuate fasciculus
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what structure connects wernickes area to brocas area?
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arcuate fasciculus
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The hypothalamus and the limibic system are involved in
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all of the choices are correct
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The hypothalamus and the limibic system are involved in
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all of the choices are correct
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the _______ lobe is involved in converting short term memory to long term memory.
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medial temporal
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the _______ lobe is involved in converting short term memory to long term memory.
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medial temporal
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MRI images are living amnesiac patients show a shrunken...
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hippocampus
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MRI images are living amnesiac patients show a shrunken...
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hippocampus
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which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with cerebral nuclei function?
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acetylcholine
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which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complez problem solving?
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prefrontal cortex
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which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complez problem solving?
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prefrontal cortex
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aphasias are most often associated with damage to _______ and _______ areas..
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broca's and wernicke's
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what ion is involved in stimulateing genetic transcription needed for learning and memory?
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Ca2
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what ion is involved in stimulateing genetic transcription needed for learning and memory?
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Ca2
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permanent aphasias often occur when
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wernickes area is damaged
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the _____ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
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amygdala
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what structure connects wernickes area to brocas area?
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arcuate fasciculus
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the _____ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
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amygdala
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The hypothalamus and the limibic system are involved in
|
all of the choices are correct
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|
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the _______ lobe is involved in converting short term memory to long term memory.
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medial temporal
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|
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MRI images are living amnesiac patients show a shrunken...
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hippocampus
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|
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which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complez problem solving?
|
prefrontal cortex
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|
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what ion is involved in stimulateing genetic transcription needed for learning and memory?
|
Ca2
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the _____ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
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amygdala
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damage to the _____ prefrontal area will cause a lack of motivation and sexual desire and deficient cognitive funtions.
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lateral
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except for the sense of ______ all sensory information is relayed through the thalamus
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smell
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interpretation of auditory inpus would be most affected by....
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ablation to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
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based on experimental evidence, the ______ hypothalamus acts as the bodys thermostat.
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preoptic-anterior
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visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the
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superior colliculi
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what part of the mesolimbic system found in the midbrain is involved with behavioral reward?
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ventral tegmental area
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which of the following is not required to coordinate movement?
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pons
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what type of cerebellar cells provide communication to other brain areas?
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purkinje cells
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what condition is caused by a sudden failur of the RAS?
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narcolepsy
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neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus release ____ that promotes sleep.
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GABA
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the extrapyramidal tracts
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origionate in the brainstem
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a cranial nerve with only sensory fibers is the
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vestibulocholear nerve
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which cranial nerve is vital for the funtioning of the visceral organs?
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vagus
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which cranial nerve is not involved with eye movements?
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optic
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there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
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12, 31
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which of the following spinal nerve groups is incorrect?
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cervical- 7
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Nerves that serve the arm come from the _____ plexus.
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brachial
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which of the following statements is true?
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sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulse
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which of the following is a special sense?
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vision
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which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?
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mechanoreptors
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which of the following is not a cutaneous receptor?
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muscle spindle
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cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also...
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exteroceptors
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______ receptors undergo slow adaption.
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tonic
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having the ability to ignore constant phasic stiumli is called
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sensory adaption
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the law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain
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paradoxical cold
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the least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the
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law of specific nerve energies
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as the magnitured of a generator potential increases the ______ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.
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frequency
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the potential produced by sensory receptors is called a
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both generator and receptor potentials are correct
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nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using _______ and ________ as neurotransmitters
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substance P, glutamate
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the capsaicin receptro serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the module in chili peppers that causes sensations of
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heat and pain
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the _________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8 degree to 28 degree range by producing a depolarization
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cold or menthol receptor
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acut itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors
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histamine
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transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the
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lateral spinothalamic tract
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where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross?
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in the medulla oblongata
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where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tract cross:
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in the spinal cord at the level the axons eneter the cord
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________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors.
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referred pain
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how many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?
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three
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impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limibic system.
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cingulate gyrus
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sensations are sharpened via
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later inhibition
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the ________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there
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phantom limb
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chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called
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exteroceptors
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damage to cranial nerve ______ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances
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VII
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which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information?
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both the facial and glossopharyngreal are correct
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gusducin
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is related to transducin of the eye
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which taste modality involves membrain receptors that are coupled to g proteins?
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umami
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specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called
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taste cells
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where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?
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prefrontal cortez, postcentral gyrus, and insula
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which of the following are not types of tongue papillae?
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glossoform papillae
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where is the primary gustatory cortex?
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insula
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what extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?
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Ca2
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what causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?
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closing of K channels
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what causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell?
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release of Ca2 from endoplasmic reticulum
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Information obtained via __________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system.
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olfaction
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olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to
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g proteins
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which of the following is true of olfaction?
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humans can distinguish up to 10000 different odors
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which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system?
|
olfaction
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olfactory receptors are coupled to
|
g proteins
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what is the rold of sustentacular cells in the olf actory epithelium?
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to oxidize volatile hydrphobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble
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the structures that function in equilibrium are knon as the
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vestibular apparatus
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which of the following is not part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?
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cochlea
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what characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual?
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it has a higher than normal concentration of K+
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when sterocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be
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both depolarized and relaeaseing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct
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|
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the cupula is part of the
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semicircular canals
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which of the following structures are important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium?
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all the choices are correct
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the softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of
|
zero decibels
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the hertz is a measure of
|
frequency
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which of the following is not an auditory ossicle?
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otolith
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which of the following is true of the auditory tube?
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both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle
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|
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vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the
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oval window
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the scala vesibuli of the cochlea is filled with
|
perilymph
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the structure for hearing is the
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both the spiral organ and the organ of corti
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the bending of the sterocilia of the organ of corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly______ which causes depolarization
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K+
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which of the following is not part of the organ of corti?
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vestibular membrane
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what structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala typmpani?
|
hlecotrema
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what is the medium found in the cochlear canal?
|
endolymph
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which of the following is not true of outer hair cells of the organ of corti?
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relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve
|
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what neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized?
|
glutamate
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what role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound?
|
they amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception
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which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing?
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vestibulocohlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe
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|
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age related hearing impairment is known as
|
presbycusis
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destroying the ciliary body would prevent the _______ from receiving nutrients.
|
lens and cornea
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sypathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil _______ in_____ light.
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dialation, dim
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long term blockage of the canal of schlemm can induce
|
glaucoma
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pupil diameter would be increased by
|
contraction of the radial muscles
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the outermost layer of the eyball is the
|
sclera
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what is found in the anterior cavity of the eyball?
|
aqueous humor
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what is found in the posterior cavity of the eyeball?
|
vitreous humor
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what structure holds the lens in place?
|
suspensory ligament
|
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what area of the retina has no photoreceptors?
|
optic disc
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the bending of light as it passes through different media is called
|
refractions
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the aggregation of cystallin proteins in the lens produces
|
cataracts
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light is refracted the most by the
|
cornea
|
|
|
when an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes
|
all choices are correct
|
|
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myopia generally occurs when the
|
eyeball is too long
|
|
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loss of accommodation with age is
|
presbyopia
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what condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball?
|
hyperopia
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_____ occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and or lens
|
astigmatism
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an individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by
|
cylindrical lens
|
|
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what new procedure is used by many people to correct refractive problems?
|
LASIK
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|
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_______ in the retina connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
|
bipolar cells
|
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the optic nerve is formed from fibers of
|
ganglion cells
|
|
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within the eye, electrical impulses pass from
|
photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
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|
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the tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by
|
phagocytosis
|
|
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which of the following is not true of the funtions of the pigment epithelium of the retina?
|
creating the dark current of the photoreceptors
|
|
|
dominant retinis pigmentosa is characterized by
|
degeneration of photoreceptors
|
|
|
what color of light is best absorbed by rods?
|
blue-green
|
|
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which cells have the ability to reisomerize the all trans retinal back to the 11-cis form?
|
visual cycle of retinal
|
|
|
retinaldehyde is derived from
|
vitamin a
|
|
|
inhibiting phosphdieterase would casue the photoreceptor to undergo
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
|
in the absence of light, there is movement of Na in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization this is called the
|
dark current
|
|
|
what causes cGMP to convert to GMP and close Na channels in a photoreceptor?
|
light
|
|
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what type of Gproteins are associated with the visual cycle?
|
transducins
|
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defferent layers of the _________ analyze input from cones differently such that one layer can add input from Land M cones to obtain information about light intensity, while another could subtract such input to obtain red green color
|
lateral geniculate nucleus
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which of the following is not a type of cone?
|
yellow
|
|
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which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm?
|
blue cones
|
|
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the most common form of color blindness is deuteranopia, which is congential absence of the ____ gene.
|
M
|
|
|
a common visual impairment in older people that is caused by damage to the central fovea is
|
macular degeneration
|
|
|
eye movements are regulated by information sent to the
|
superior colliculus
|
|
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which type of eye movements are high velocity?
|
saccadic
|
|
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vision would be impaired by
|
damage to the superior colliculus
|
|
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axons from the nasal portions of both eyes will decussate the
|
optic chiasma
|
|
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what type of eye movement helps you to follow a moving object?
|
smooth pursuit
|
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ganglion cells are stimulated optimally by
|
light striking a spot on the retina
|
|
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some ganglion cells of the retina contain _____ that is sensitive to luminance and helps the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms
|
melanopsin
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the _______ system is involved in the pupillary resoponse
|
tectal
|
|
|
the optic radiations project fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei to area
|
17 of the occipital lobe
|
|
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which of the following is not a type of cortical visual neuron?
|
compound
|
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the more movable bony attachment is the
|
insertion
|
|
|
muscles which move a limb away the midline of the body are termed
|
abductor muscles
|
|
|
a muscle that constricts an opening is a/an
|
sphincter
|
|
|
the prime mover of any skeletal movement is called the
|
agonist
|
|
|
each fascicle of a muscle is surrounded by the
|
perimysium
|
|
|
skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. this is called a
|
syncytium
|
|
|
the light band of a skeletal muscle is known as
|
I band
|
|
|
duchennes muscular dystrophy
|
is an X linked recessive trait
|
|
|
the specialized region of the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular junction is called the
|
motor end plate
|
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motor unit recruitment allows for ______ contraction strength.
|
increased
|
|
|
somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a
|
motor unit
|
|
|
subunits of skeletal muscle cells that are composed of sarcomeres are called
|
myofibrils
|
|
|
somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter _________ at the neuromuscular junction.
|
acetylcholine
|
|
|
what structure is composed of protein filaments and is located in the center of the thick filaments?
|
M line
|
|
|
what structure runs the length of the sarcomere and contributes to the elastic recoil in muscle?
|
titin
|
|
|
what muscle structural and functional unit runs from z disc to z disc?
|
sarcomere
|
|
|
the thick filament is also called the
|
A band
|
|
|
what protein primarily makes up the thick filament?
|
myosin
|
|
|
what protein primarily makes up the think filament?
|
ACTIN
|
|
|
what is the lighter area in the center of the A band called?
|
H zone
|
|
|
myosin contains binding sites for __________ and __________.
|
atp, actin
|
|
|
what activates the myosin head to begin cross bridging?
|
splitting of ATP into ADP and Pi
|
|
|
during skeletal muscle contraction, adjacent ________ are pulled closer together as the ______ between them shorten
|
Abands, I bands
|
|
|
_____ is characterized by continued attachment of myosin heads to actin filaments due to a lack of ATP
|
rigor mortis
|
|
|
during skeletal muscle contraction,
|
thing fillaments slide across think filaments
|
|
|
which of the following molecules is not part of the thin filament?
|
titin
|
|
|
which molecule blocks the myosin head from binding to actin in a relazed muscle?
|
tropomyosin
|
|
|
which of the following does not occur during the cross bridge cycle?
|
energized myosin heads bind troponin
|
|
|
the _______ complex contains three proteins designated as the I, T, and C types
|
troponin
|
|
|
the movement of the troponin- tropomyosin complex requires
|
Ca+
|
|
|
the actin filament is a polymer formed from 300 to 400 globular subunits called
|
G actin
|
|
|
the Ca required for skeletal muscle contraction
|
is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
the pumps that actively transport calcium back into the _____ are called Ca ATPase pumps.
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
what a muscle is stimulated to contract, calcium relase channels in the SR will release Ca by
|
passive diffusion
|
|
|
what structures carry the action potentials into the interior of the muscle to cause muscle contraction?
|
T tubules
|
|
|
the process by which action potentials cause muscle contraction is
|
both excitation- contraction coupling and the electromechanical relase mechanism
|
|
|
which of the following is not true of the relaxation of muscle fiber?
|
the action potential must continue
|
|
|
what is the rold of the ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the inability of muscle cells to relax due to high frequency stimulation is termed
|
tetanus
|
|
|
a force velocity curve shows the _____ relationship between the force opposing muscle contraction and the velocity of muscle shortening
|
inverse
|
|
|
which of the following statements about muscles is FALSE?
|
during isometric contraction muscles do not generate tension
|
|
|
a muscle contraction against a resistance that is greater than the force and causes muscle lengthening is an
|
eccentric contraction
|
|
|
a shortening of the muscle that occurs when the tension is greater than the load is a
|
chorea
|
|
|
an individual suffering damage to the basal nuclei resulting in a lack of desire to use a limb would be suffering from
|
akinesia
|
|
|
shaking of limbs at rest that disappears during voluntary movement due to damage to the basal nuclei is called
|
resting tumor
|
|
|
cardiac action potentials usually origionate in _______ cells.
|
pacemaker
|
|
|
which of the following statements regarding cardiac muscle is true?
|
intercalated discs contain gap junctions
|
|
|
_____ filaments are attached to dense bodies in smooth muscle cells.
|
actin
|
|
|
in smooth muscle cells, _________ functions in a manner analogous to troponin
|
calmodulin
|
|
|
smooth muscle cells
|
may contain gap junctions
|
|
|
calcium that is needed to activate cross bridging in smooth muscle mainly comes from
|
extracellular fluid
|
|
|
what condition of smooth muscle allows it to maintain contraction for long periods of time?
|
latch state
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT true of single unit smooth muscle?
|
all cells receive autonomic stimulation
|
|
|
what are the swellings on autonomic nerves that release neurotransmitter to smooth muscle called?
|
varicosities
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a transportation function of the circulatory system?
|
carrying leukocytes
|
|
|
The circulatory system provides regulation through
|
hormones
|
|
|
How does the circulatory system provide protection for the body?
|
all choices are correct
|
|
|
Dark red colored blood would be found in
|
veins
|
|
|
How much blood does the average-sized adult have?
|
5 liters
|
|
|
A normal hematocrit for women would be
|
40%
|
|
|
The major plasma protein is
|
albumin
|
|
|
Decreased liver protein synthesis would cause the amount of ______________ and ______________ in the blood to be decreased.
|
albumin, fibinogen
|
|
|
Blood globulins include which of the following types?
|
all answers are correct
|
|
|
Which blood globulin is an antibody that helps fight infection?
|
gamma globulin
|
|
|
A normal red blood cell count is in the range of __________ /mm3.
|
4.23-5.8 million
|
|
|
Having no nucleus, a biconcave shape, and the function of gas transport would describe a
|
red blood cell
|
|
|
Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen?
|
heme part of hemoglobin
|
|
|
Iron is transported in the blood by the protein
|
transferrin
|
|
|
What is the main component of an erythrocyte?
|
hemoglobin
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white blood cells?
|
makes up the major formed element
|
|
|
The most common type of anemia is
|
iron deficiency andemia
|
|
|
The most abundant leukocytes in the blood are the
|
neurophils
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a granular leukocyte?
|
monocyte
|
|
|
________ development would be inhibited if the actions of granulocyte colony stimulating factor were blocked.
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
Granular leukocytes are derived from
|
myeloblasts
|
|
|
The process of blood cell formation is
|
hematopoiesis
|
|
|
What is the major hemotopoietic organ in the fetus?
|
liver
|
|
|
What hormone stimulates the process of erythropoiesis?
|
erythropoietin
|
|
|
What organ secretes erythropoietin?
|
kidneys
|
|
|
What is the stimulus for the release of erythropoietin?
|
all choices are correct
|
|
|
What substances are needed to produce red blood cells?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
What protein regulates iron homeostasis?
|
hepcidin
|
|
|
How does hepcidin function in iron homeostasis?
|
promotes cellular storage of iron by removing ferroportin from enterocytes
|
|
|
When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient's blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called
|
agglutination
|
|
|
What type of antigens are present in Type O blood?
|
neither A or B
|
|
|
Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when
|
the mother has Rh- and the baby had Rh+
|
|
|
Mary has type AB blood. Which type of antibodies are present in her plasma?
|
neither anti A nor anti B
|
|
|
The prostaglandin, thromboxane A2, stimulates
|
platelet aggregation
|
|
|
Prostacyclin, PGI2, prevents
|
platelet aggregation
|
|
|
Which of the following does NOT inhibit platelet aggregation?
|
von willebrands factor
|
|
|
Which of the following stimulates the formation of the platelet plug?
|
all the choices aid in platelet plug formation
|
|
|
Damage to tissues stimulates the activation of the ______________ blood clotting pathway.
|
extrinsic
|
|
|
What ion is necessary for the clotting process?
|
Ca
|
|
|
What is the role of serotonin in blood clotting?
|
causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to slow loss of blood
|
|
|
Hemophilia is
|
an X linked trait
|
|
|
Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing
|
platelet plug formation
|
|
|
The final protein that forms a blood clot is
|
fibrin
|
|
|
Both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways activate factors that
|
convert prothrombin to thrombin
|
|
|
What is the enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?
|
thrombin
|
|
|
Kallikrein is responsible for
|
clot dissolution
|
|
|
Endogenously applied ______________ or tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) can induce blood clot dissolution.
|
streptokinase
|
|
|
Vitamin K is needed for
|
proper clotting factor funtion
|
|
|
Which anticoagulant and its action is NOT correctly matched?
|
coumadin- inhibits tissue thromboplastin
|
|
|
The pathway of blood form the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is the
|
pulmonary circulation
|
|
|
What valve keeps blood from flowing back into the right atrium from the right ventricle?
|
tricuspid valve
|
|
|
What structures keep the AV valves from everting under high ventricular pressure?
|
papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
|
|
|
The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
Heart murmurs may be caused by _______, a condition in which valves are thickened and calcified.
|
stenosis
|
|
|
In the fetus, blood can flow from the right atrium to the left atrium through the
|
foramen ovale
|
|
|
Valves are said to be _______ when they do not close properly and blood leaks through them.
|
incompetent
|
|
|
Systole refers to the ______ of the heart.
|
contraction
|
|
|
Cardiac ________ channels are called hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels because they open in response to hyperpolarization.
|
pacemaker
|
|
|
The myocardium acts as a single, functioning unit called a/an
|
funtional syncytium
|
|
|
What part of the heart's conduction system acts as the primary pacemaker?
|
SA node
|
|
|
The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by
|
inward diffusion of Ca
|
|
|
The action potential of nonpacemaker cells is due to the
|
inward diffusion of Na
|
|
|
The _________________ conducts impulses from the AV node to branches which lead to the Purkinje fibers.
|
AV bundle
|
|
|
____________ binds and inactivates the sodium-potassium ATPase pumps of myocardial cell leading to increased intracellular calcium concentrations and stronger myocardial contractions.
|
digitalis
|
|
|
The ______________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.
|
purkinje fibers
|
|
|
When Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart are opened by an increase in Ca2+ in the cytoplasm, this is referred to as
|
calcium-stimulated calcium release
|
|
|
Myocardial cells exhibit a plateau phase instead of quickly repolarizing. This is due to
|
inward diffusion of calcium through slow Ca channels
|
|
|
The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n)
|
ECG
|
|
|
Medications that are used to treat arrhythmias may use which of the following mechanisms?
|
all are correct
|
|
|
The P wave of an ECG represents
|
atrial depolarization
|
|
|
Bipolar limb lead three uses the
|
left arm and left leg
|
|
|
The S-T segment of an ECG represents
|
the plateau phase of the myocardial action potential
|
|
|
Failure of the SA node to depolarize would result in an ECG
|
lacking a P wave
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT one of the three coats that comprise the walls of arteries and veins?
|
tunica superficia
|
|
|
Which vessels are most important for controlling resistance to blood flow?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
All blood vessels are lined with
|
endothelial cells
|
|
|
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the
|
endocrine glands
|
|
|
Which capillaries have wide intercellular pores that serve as a basement membrane over the capillary endothelium for increased filtration?
|
fenstrated
|
|
|
Within the blood vessels, valves are found in the
|
veins
|
|
|
Based on differences in their endothelial lining, capillaries can be classified as all of the following EXCEPT
|
true
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true concerning blood vessels?
|
smooth muscle surrounds capillaries
|
|
|
Varicose veins can be caused by
|
all the choices are correct
|
|
|
Most of the circulating blood can be found in
|
veins
|
|
|
The first anatomical change associated with atherosclerosis is the appearance of
|
fatty streaks
|
|
|
Diets promoting cardiovascular health contain no more than ______________ of total calories as fat.
|
30%
|
|
|
Ischemic heart disease causes ______________ on the ECG.
|
S-T depression
|
|
|
The structure of a __________ includes a core of nonpolar triglycerides and cholesterol esters coated by proteins, phospholipids, and some free cholesterol.
|
lipoprotein
|
|
|
Which of the following is true of atherosclerosis?
|
all choices are correct
|
|
|
Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins causes
|
monocyte conversion
|
|
|
The possibility of an individual developing ischemic heart disease
|
is decreased by increasing exercise
|
|
|
Statins
|
inhibit HMG coenzyme A reductase
|
|
|
The rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is catalyzed by
|
HMG Coenxyme A reductase
|
|
|
_________ AV node block occurs when no atrial waves can pass through the AV node.
|
third degree
|
|
|
_________ AV node block occurs when the rate of impulse conduction through the AV node exceeds 0.20 second.
|
first degree
|
|
|
A(n) ________________ is a device that is implanted into a pectoral subcutaneous pocket that delivers shocks to the heart when ventricular fibrillation is detected.
|
implantable converter defibrillator
|
|
|
0.12 to 0.20 second is the duration of the _________ in a normal heart.
|
P R interval
|
|
|
In a complete AV node block,
|
all are correct
|
|
|
Ventricular fibrillation
|
often occurs due to circus rythms
|
|
|
A continual recycling of electrical waves through the myocardium is called
|
circus rhythm
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a cause of circus rhythm?
|
shortened myocardial cells
|
|
|
The __________ drains lymph into the left subclavian vein.
|
thoracic duct
|
|
|
The lymphatic system can help cancer _________ since cancer cells may enter, circulate, and later exit porous lymphatic capillaries.
|
metastasize
|
|
|
Functions of the lymphatic system include all of the following EXCEPT
|
transport of absorbed peptides
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic organ?
|
lymph nodes
|
|
|
What is the resting cardiac rate for an adult?
|
70 beats per minute
|
|
|
Cardiac output is equal to
|
stroke volume x cardiac rate
|
|
|
Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to ______.
|
sympathetic, increase
|
|
|
Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization.
|
HCN
|
|
|
What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to in the heart?
|
b andrergic
|
|
|
What keeps the HCN channels open?
|
cAMP
|
|
|
Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels.
|
muscarinic, K
|
|
|
The effect of acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the heart is a heart rate
|
decrease
|
|
|
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will
|
all are correct
|
|
|
The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.
|
medula oblongata
|
|
|
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the
|
EDV
|
|
|
The ejection fraction is
|
normally about 60% at rest
|
|
|
Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT
|
emotional stress
|
|
|
According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume
|
increases
|
|
|
Stroke volume is directly proportional to
|
both preload and contractibility
|
|
|
Stroke volume is inversely proportional to
|
total peripheral resistance
|
|
|
In response to increased ventricular filling
|
myocardial cells stretch
|
|
|
Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to
|
calcium
|
|
|
Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT
|
exhalation
|
|
|
Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called _____ vessels.
|
capacitance
|
|
|
The ability to distend with pressure increases is called
|
compliance
|
|
|
The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.
|
net filtration pressure
|
|
|
Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT
|
hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
Elephantiasis is caused by
|
obstruction of lymphatic drainage
|
|
|
The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as
|
starling forces
|
|
|
What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?
|
colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary
|
|
|
How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?
|
180L
|
|
|
How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system?
|
98-99%
|
|
|
An increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ______ ADH secretion.
|
inhibit
|
|
|
Vasopressin induces renal water
|
reabsorption
|
|
|
__________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.
|
angiotensiogen, renin
|
|
|
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
|
The heart produced hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), functions antagonistically to
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
At rest, blood flow is greatest in the
|
GI tract and liver
|
|
|
Increased blood flow resistance is caused by
|
increased blood vessel length
|
|
|
____________ inhibits norepinephrine reuptake thereby it induces vasoconstriction.
|
cocaine
|
|
|
Sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will produce
|
vasodialation
|
|
|
Blood flow would be increased by
|
histamines
|
|
|
Nitric oxide (NO) causes
|
vasodialation
|
|
|
Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effects on levels of
|
nitric oxide
|
|
|
Endothelin causes
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
|
Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called
|
myogenic
|
|
|
Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT
|
decreased tissue metabolism
|
|
|
Reactive hyperemia is
|
increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products
|
|
|
Active hyperemia is
|
increased blood flow due to increased metabolism
|
|
|
What allows cardiac muscle to have sufficient oxygen during systole?
|
all are correct
|
|
|
A(n) ___________ is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open.
|
stent
|
|
|
Which type of muscle has the greatest capillary density?
|
cardiac
|
|
|
During maximal exercise, the skeletal muscles can receive as much as ____ of the total blood flow.
|
85%
|
|
|
At rest, both cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles have a high peripheral resistance due to
|
a andrenergic sympathetic stimulation
|
|
|
Control of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly under _______ control.
|
intrinsic metabolic
|
|
|
During exercise all of the following occur EXCEPT
|
increased oncotic pressure
|
|
|
Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include
|
increased blood flow to the skin
|
|
|
During exercise, all of the following occur EXCEPT
|
increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries
|
|
|
During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow
|
increases slightly
|
|
|
When active areas of the brain receive excessive blood flow over their aerobic requirements, this is called
|
hyperemia
|
|
|
In response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will
|
increase
|
|
|
When the arteriovenous anastomoses are stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, the superficial capillary loops are
|
engorged with blood
|
|
|
Sweat glands can also secrete _____ that stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature.
|
bradykinin
|
|
|
Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?
|
veins
|
|
|
A condition in which there is a fall in blood pressure upon standing that is not compensated for by the baroreceptor reflex is called
|
postural hypotension
|
|
|
Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of
|
atrial natriuretic peptide
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a result of stimulation of atrial stretch receptors?
|
decreased water excretion
|
|
|
The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to
|
diastolic pressure
|
|
|
The sounds heard during the first phase of blood-pressure measurement are
|
snapping sounds
|
|
|
The sounds heard during the last phase of blood-pressure measurement are
|
silence
|
|
|
Blood pressure is measured with a
|
sphygmomanometer
|
|
|
There is no mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during ____ flow.
|
laminar
|
|
|
As age increases, the maximum cardiac rate will
|
decrease
|
|
|
Essential hypertension
|
is the type of hypertension that most patients have
|
|
|
Hypertension may cause
|
all the choices are correct
|
