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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is the digestive tract internal or external?
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external
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What are the 4 parts of the digestive tract wall?
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?
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mucous membrane, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
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What do the exocrine gland cells do?
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secrete digestive juices
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What do the endocrine gland cells do?
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secretes hormones
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What do epithelial cells do?
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responsible for absorption
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Function of submucosa?
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connective tissue for elasticity and larger blood and lymph vessels
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Function of muscularis externa: concentric layer?
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contraction
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Function of muscularis longitudinal layer?
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shortens tube
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What else does muscularis externa contain?
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myentric plexus (nerves)
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What is the function of the Serosa?
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secretes fluid to prevent friction
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What are the 4 basic digestive processes?
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motility, secretion, digestion and absorption
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What is motility?
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muscular contractions that mix and move forward the contents of the digestive tract
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what is secretion?
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adding things to the digestive tract to help in digestion
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what is digestion?
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the biochemical breakdown of structurally complex foods into usable units
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what is absorption?
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putting broken down units from digestive tract to blood
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What are the two types of movements?
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1. propulsive, move forward
2. mixing, allows food to be mixed with digestive juices |
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Where does absorption occur?
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small intestine
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What is the palate?
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top of mouth, allows breathing and chewing to happen simultaneously, seperates mouth and nasal pasage
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What is the tounge?
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voluntary muscle that guides food
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What is the uvula?
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danggly thingy, seals off nasal passage when swallowing
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What is the pharynx?
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passageway between mouth and esophagus/nose and trachea
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What are the teeth?
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responsible for chewing and mixing food
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Is chewing voluntary?
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yes but most is rhythmic response
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What is saliva made of?
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mostly water and electrolytes and proteins
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What are the proteins in saliva?
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amylase, mucus and lysozyme
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What does amylase do?
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breaks down polysaccharide into maltose
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What does mucus do?
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aids in lubrication and holding bolus together
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What does lysozyme do?
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acts as antibacterial
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What are the functions of saliva?
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stimulate taste buds, aid in speech, keep mouth clean, neutralize acids
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What is the simple salivary reflex?
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body responds to smell and feel of food
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What is conditioned salivary reflex?
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body responds to thought of food
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What are the two stages of swallowing?
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oropharyngeal (bolus to esophagus, last 1 second); and esophageal stage (esophagus to stomach 5-9 seconds)
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What is the fundus?
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top part of stomach
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what is the Antrum of the stomach?
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thick layer of smooth muscle in stomach
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what is the pyloric sphincter?
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barrier btw stomach and small intestine
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What are the 4 aspects of gastric motility?
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filling, storage, mixing and emptying
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What causes gastric emptying?
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low fat, low acidity, small pieces, too much chyme in duodenum
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What do mucous cells do?
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secrete mucus and HCO3-
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what do chief cells do?
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secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
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what do parietal cells do?
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secrete HCL and intrinsic stuff
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what do surface epithelial cells do?
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between gastric pits, secrete thick mucus
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what do gastric glands do?
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secrete mucus and pepsinogen
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What digests enzymes?
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pepsin, NOT HCL
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Is pepsin autocatalytic?
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yes
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What are the hormones of the stomach?
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Gastrin, histamine and somatostatin
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properties of Gastrin
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secreted by G cells, promotes parietal and chief cells, stimulated by ACh and proteins in stomach, promotes digestion
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properties of Histamine
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secreted by enteronchromaffin like cells (ECL), stimulated by ACh and Gastrin, promotes digestion
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properties of Somatostatin
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secreted by D cells, inhibits digestion
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What does the endocrine pancrease do?
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secretes insulin and glucagon
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What does the exocrine cells do?
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make proteolytic enzymes, pancreatic amylase, lypase and sodium bicarbonate
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What are the proteolytic enzymes produced by the exocrine pancrease?
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trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen and procarbopeptidase, all released in inactive form
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What does the pancreatic amylase do?
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carb digestion, polysaccarides into maltose
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What is pancreatic lipase?
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released in active form, breaks down fats
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What does the sodium bicarbonate do?
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neutralizes acid
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What are the hormones of the duodenom?
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secretin and Cholecystokinin
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What does secretin respond to?
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acidity
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What does cholecystokinin respond to?
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fat and protein
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What organ produces bile?
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liver
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Where is bile stored and concentrated?
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gall bladder
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What is the job of bile?
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emulsify fat to increase its digestion
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What is the role of the large intestine?
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water and electrolyte absorption to turn indigestible stuff into feces
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Where does digestion take place?
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from mouth to small intestine
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where does absorption take place?
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stomach to large intestine
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What requires energy, anabolism or catabolism?
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anabolism
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What is first reservoir for glucose?
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liver glycogen
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What is the primary energy storage site?
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adipose tissue
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What is the primary site of amino acid storage?
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muscle
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properties of insulin
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released by B cells, decrease blood levels of glucose, fatty acid and amino acid
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properties of glucagon
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released by A cells, opposite of insulin
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What will an increase in blood glucose levels do?
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promote B cells/insulin
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What will a decrease in blood glucose levels do?
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promate A cells/glucogon
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What steroids does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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meralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sex hormone (DHEA)
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What does cortisol do?
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stress adaptor, stimulates gluconeogenesis, opposes insulin, anti inflammatory
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What sex hormones are specific to males/females?
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none (besides placental)
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Do adrenal sex hormones masculinize/feminize?
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no
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What is DHEA responsible for in females?
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pubes, growth and maintaining sex drive
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What is colloid made of?
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thyroglobulin produced by follicular cells in the thyroid and other thyroid hormones
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90 percent of TH is in which form?
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T4
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Which form of TH is the most powerful?
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T3
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t4 is converted to t3 where?
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liver and kidney
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What does TH do?
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determines metabolic speed, increases cell responsiveness to epi and nore and stimulates GH secretion
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GH also stimulates what?
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hyperplasia and hypertrophy
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what is hyperplasia?
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increase in number of cells
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what is hypertrophy?
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increase in size of cells
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Does GH act direction on cells?
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no
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Where is most of your calcium?
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in bones and teeth
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What takes calcium out of bone?
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parathyroid hormone
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What puts calcium into bones?
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calcitonin
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Where does vitamin D come form?
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cholesterol
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what does vitamin D3 do?
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allows you to absorb calcium through the intestine
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