Human Phys Chapter 12

Front 1

Skeletal muscle is composed of...?

Back 1

Muscular and Connective tissue

Front 2

Muscle fibers are surrounded by...?

Back 2

a layer of areolar connective tissue called endomysium

Front 3

What is loose connective tissue...?

Back 3

gel-like ground substance found between cells

Front 4

Muscle fibers are surrounded by...?

Back 4

a layer of areolar tissue called endomysium

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Bundle of muscle fibers are called?

Back 5

fasicle

Front 6

What separates the fasicles

Back 6

thick connective tissue called perimysium

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Epimysium is...?

Back 7

connective tissue that covers entire muscle and protect muscles from friction against other muscles and bones

Front 8

Deep fascia is...?

Back 8

connective tissue found between adjacent muscles

Front 9

Superficial fascia(hypodermis) is...?

Back 9

is adipose found between muscles and skin

Front 10

Tendons contain(only collagen, no elastic fibers)

What do they do?

Back 10

attach bone to muscle

Front 11

What are ligaments...?

Back 11

Attach bone to bone

Front 12

Tendons contain collagen fibers that are...?

Back 12

densely packed into parallel bundles

Front 13

Endomysium

Back 13

thin areolar tissue around muscle fibers, allow room for nerve fibers and capillaries

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Perimysium

Back 14

thick layer of connective tissue surrounding fasicles

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Epimysium

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covers whole muscle and blends into connective tissue sheets between muscles

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properties of collagen?

Back 16

extensible and elastic allowing it to stretch slightly and recoil backprotecting muscle from injury and returning it back to its normal length

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slide title: origin of skeletal muscle striation

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Elastic filaments contain

Back 19

springy proteins called titin

anchor each thick filament to Z disc

prevents overstretching of sarcomere

Front 20

How do muscle cells shorten?

Back 20

There sarcomeres shorten, pulling z-discs closer together

Front 21

neither thick nor thin filaments change length during shortening

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s

Front 22

spinal chord> motor neurons attached to spinal chord attach to muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions

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Front 23

For fine control

Back 23

there are 20 muscle fibers per nerve fiber

ex. eye muscles

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for strength contorl

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there are 100 muscle fibers per nerve fiber

ex. gastrocnemius muscle

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Molecular basis of contraction steps:

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1.) Ca2+ levels increase in cytosol

2.) Ca2+ binds to troponin

3.) Troponin-Ca2+ complex pulls tropomyosin away from actin's myosin-binding site

4.) Myosin binds to actin and completes powerstroke

5.) Actin filament moves

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pic

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Front 27

synapse

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connection between nerve fiber and target cell

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synapse is also called neuromuscular junction, why?

Back 28

this is when there is a connection between a nerve fiber and a muscle cell

Front 29

Which neurotransmitter is released from the nerve fiber? What does it do?

Back 29

acetylcholine/ACh. Stimulate muscle cell

Front 30

synaptic knob

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swollen end of nerve fiber that contains ACh

Front 31

synaptic cleft

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area between nerve cell and muscle cell

Front 32

what do junctional folds of sarcolemma do?

Back 32

increase surface area for ACh receptors, they contain acetylcholinesterase that breaks down ACh and causes relaxation

Front 33

Basil lamina

Back 33

thin layer of collagen and glycoproteins that cover muscle fibers

Front 34

What do schwann cells do?

Back 34

isolate neuromuscular junctions from the outside

Front 35

neuromuscular junction

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Front 36

What kind of proteins are myosin and actin?

Back 36

contractile proteins

Front 37

Tropomyosin and troponin are what kind of proteins

Back 37

regulatory proteins

Front 38

Back 38

tropomyosin and troponin are like a switch that starts and ends shortening of muscle cell.

-contraction activated by release of calcium into sarcoplasm and it binds to troponin

-binding of calcium to troponin causes tropomyosin to move off the actin active sites

-myosin head then binds

Front 39

What causes the resting membrane potential?

Back 39

Na+ out of cell and K+ and other anions inside of cell

Front 40

What is the difference in charge across the membrane potential referred to as? and what value?

Back 40

resting membrane potential

-90 mV

Front 41

What opens ion gates in membrane? What happens?

Back 41

Stimulation, Depolarization, Na+ rushes in , K+ rushes out

Front 42

What is an action potential?

Back 42

Quick up and down voltage shift, which spreads over cell surface as nerve signal

Front 43

What are the actions involved in muscle contraction and relaxtion?

Back 43

excitation= nerve action potentials leads to action potentials in muscle fiber

excitation-contraction coupling= action potentials on sarcolemma activate myofilaments

contraction=shortening of muscle fibers

relaxtion=return to rest length

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Front 46

rest of steps in above is in slides

rigor mortis is?

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Front 47

when a tricep muscle relaxes the bicep muscle contracts(antagonistic muscle groups; arm flexion)

Back 47

when a tricep muscle contracts, the bicep muscle relaxes(antagonistic muscle groups; arm extension)

Front 48

What is the tension-length relationship

Back 48

the amount of tension generated depends on length of muscle before it was stimulated

Front 49

What happens in overly contracted muscles?

Back 49

thick filaments get too close to z-discs and cant slide

Front 50

What happens in too stretched muscles?

Back 50

thick and thin filaments don't overlap enough and not many cross bridges form

Front 51

What is optimum resting length?

Back 51

the length that produces the most tension when contracted

Front 52

muscle twitch,

what is threshhold?

Back 52

the voltage at which an action potential is produced

Front 53

What is a muscle twitch?

Back 53

produces a quick contraction and relaxtion lasting less than 1/10th of a second

Front 54

Are muscle twitches useful?

Back 54

No, the contraction isn't strong enough to do any useful work(not enough Ca2+)

Front 55

What produces twitches?

Back 55

Threshhold stimuli

Front 56

Is the statement muscle fiber obeys an all or non law, contracting to its maximum or not at all true?

Back 56

No, because muscle twitches vary in strength depending on Ca2+ concentration, temperature, pH and hydration

Front 57

How do we get stronger contractions?

Back 57

stimulate the nerve with stronger voltages

-more motor units are being recruited and this is called motor unit summation

ex.lifting a glass of milk vs lifting a gallon of milk

Front 58

What happens to muscle twitch at low frequency?

Back 58

each stimulus produces an identitical twitch response in tension

Front 59

What happens to muscle twitch at moderate frequency?(called treppe )

Back 59

each preceding twitch produces a stronger twitch response in tension, this is because calcium was not completely put back into the sarcoplasmic reticulumn

Front 60

What happens to muscle twitch at high frequency?

Back 60

generates gradually more strong contraction, stimuli arrives before last one recover

called incomplete tetanus

Front 61

What happens to maximum frequency stimulation?

Back 61

muscle has no time to relax at all

twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction called complete tetanus

Front 62

What is isometric muscle contraction?

Back 62

develops tension without changing length

tension on muscle without changing length

Front 63

What is isotonic muscle contraction?

Back 63

tension on muscle but changes length

develops tension while shortening = concentric

develops tension while lengthening= ecentric

Front 64

What do muscles need in order to contract?

Back 64

muscles need ATP in order to contract

Front 65

What are some ways muscle can produce ATP?

Back 65

Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration

Front 66

What is anaerobic fermentation?

Back 66

Produces limited ATP, without oxygen and produces toxic lactic acid as a result

Front 67

What is aerobic respiration?

Back 67

Produces ATP, with oxygen, produces H2O and CO2

Front 68

For a short intense exercise, where is oxygen obtained from?

Back 68

Myogloblin

Front 69

For a short intense exercise, how it ATP produced?

Back 69

Through the Phosphagen system:

myokinase transfers phosphate groups from one ADP to another forming ATP

creatine kinase transfer phosphate groups from creatine phosphate to ADP forming ATP

Front 70

What is the result of the phosphagen system?

Back 70

Enough power for 1minute brisk walk or 6 seconds of sprinting(immediate energy needs)

Front 71

What do you use for short term energy needs

?

Back 71

anaerobic fermentation

Front 72

What does anaerobic fermentation do?

Back 72

produces ATP for the 30-40 seconds(running around baseball diamond)

muscles obtain glucose from blood and glycogen

Front 73

What is used for long term energy needs?

Back 73

Aerobic respiration?

Front 74

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose?

Back 74

36ATPs/glucose

Front 75

After 40 seconds of exercise, respiratory and cardiovascular systems must deliver enough oxygen for aerobic respiration

Back 75

oxygen intake rate increases for first 3-4minutes and then levels off

Front 76

muscle metabolism

aerobic respiration>phosphagen system>anaerobic fermentation>aerobic respiration

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Front 77

What is fatigue

Back 77

progressive weakness from use

Front 78

Why does fatigue occur?

Back 78

ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed

lactic acid buildup inhibits enzyme function

hyperpolarization as too much K+ accumulates outside cell

motor nerve fibers use up their acetylcholin

Front 79

What is endurance?

Back 79

The ability to maintain high intensity exercise for >5minutes

Front 80

What is endurance determined by?

Back 80

Maximum oxygen uptake

Front 81

What is maximum oxygen uptake proportional to?

Back 81

body size, peaks at age 20 and is larger in trained athletes and males

Front 82

What is endurance determined by?

Back 82

nutrient availability

some atheletes load carbohydrates, which pack glycogen in muscle cells

Front 83

Heaving breathing after exercise is referred to as?

Back 83

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

typically 11litres extra is consumed

Front 84

What is the purpose for extra oxygen after streneous exercise?

Back 84

replace oxygen reserves(hemoglobin, myoglobin)

replenishing the phosphagen system

reconverting lactic acid to glucose in kidneys and livers

Front 85

slow twitch fibers

Back 85

have more mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries

adapted for aerobic respiration and resistant to fatigue

Front 86

fast twitch fibers

Back 86

rich in enzymes for phosphagen and anaerobic systems

sarcoplasmic reticulumn releases calcium quicker so contractions are quicer

-eye muscles, biceps, gastrocnemius(calves)

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Back 87

look

Front 88

resistance training stimulates cell enlargement due to?

Back 88

synthesis of more myofilaments

Front 89

Endurance training produces more?

Back 89

mitochondria, glycogen, and density of capilaries: produces less fatigue

Front 90

What are cardiac and smooth muscle cells called?

Back 90

myocytes, short cells with one nucleus

Front 91

Cardiac muscles are linked to eachother through?

Back 91

intercalated discs

Front 92

They have what kinds of junctions?

Back 92

eletrical junctions and mechanical junctions

electrical allow cells to stimulate their neighbours

mechanical prevent the cells from pulling apart

Front 93

What are damaged cardiac muscle cells repaired by?

Back 93

fibrosis

Front 94

Cardiac muscle uses

Back 94

aerobic respiration exclusively, and have large mitochondria that make it resistant to fatigue

Front 95

Smooth muscle cells

Back 95

used for swallowing, GI tract functions, labor contractions, erection of hair, control of pupils

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smooth muscle

Back 96

contraction and relaxtion slower

uses less energy

maintains for for long perioids

low oxygen cosumption

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muscle summary

Front 98

airflow in lungs goes from br

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bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli

Front 99

Conducting division: passages for airflow

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nostrils to bronchioles

Front 100

Overview of external and cellular respiration

Back 100

atmosphere>lungs>blood>transport in blood>cells

Front 101

Branching of airways: larynx>trachea>cartilagering>primary bronchus>secondary bronchus>bronchiole>alveoli

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Front 102

Respiratory system overview

Back 102

Respiratory system moves air into and out of lungs and provides a surface for gas exchange

Front 103

The upper respiratory tract consists of

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nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

Front 104

The lower respiratory tract includes

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larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 105

Inhaled air enters the nasal cavity, what happens here?

Back 105

its warmed and humidified

Front 106

After the nasal cavity where does it go?

Back 106

The pharynx

Front 107

What is the pharynx?

Back 107

Shared region of the respiratory and digestive system

Front 108

Where does it go after the pharynx?

Back 108

the cartilaginous larynx, where there is the vestibular and vocal folds

Front 109

What do the vestibular folds do?

Vocal folds?

Back 109

prevent foreign particles from entering the respiratory system

produces sound

Front 110

Air then enters the trachea, what is the trachea?

Back 110

10-12cm long tube supported by C-shaped cartilages which maintains open passageway to and from lungs

Front 111

Trachea divides at the carina forming?

Back 111

two primary bronchi

Front 112

Where are the bronchi found?

Back 112

the lungs, they continue to divide into smaller and smaller bronchi and ultimately into terminal bronchioles

Front 113

What happens to terminal bronchiole?

Back 113

they divide to form aveolar ducs, sacs, and respiratory bronchioles

Front 114

What are alveolar sacs connected to?

Back 114

Group of alveoli

Front 115

What are alveoli surrounded by?

Back 115

pulmonary capilaries

Front 116

What do alveoli and capillaries do?

Back 116

use their ultra thin wall surface for gas exchange between air and blood

Front 117

Where does oxygen and co2 go?

Back 117

Oxygen diffuses across this membrane into blood, CO2 diffuses across this membrane from the blood into the air where it is expelled during exhalation

Front 118

ciliated respiratory epithelium

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Front 119

Alveolar structure

What do Type 1 alveolar cells do?

Type 2 alveolar cells?

Alveolar macrophages?

Back 119

gas exchange

synthesizes surfactant

ingests foreign material

Front 120

ventilation of lung

Back 120

Front 121

pnemothorax

Back 121

Front 122

Measuring ventilation of lung

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Front 123

Pulmonary ventilation(breathing) includes?

Back 123

inspiration and expiration

Front 124

What results from inspiration and expiration?

Back 124

change in volume of the thoracic cavity causes inspiration and expiration

Front 125

What causes change in thoracic cavity?

Back 125

respiratory muscles that occur in three dimensions

Front 126

During inspiration what happens to thoracic cavity?

Back 126

It increases in volume to accomodate expansion of lungs

Front 127

How does it increase in volume?

Back 127

the diaphragm flattens and descends

Front 128

During expiration what happens to the thoracic cavity?

Back 128

length of thoracic cavity decreases as the diaphgram elevates

Front 129

What affects the depth and width of the thoracic cavity?

Back 129

intercostal muscles that elevate and depress the ribs and sternum

Front 130

What does elevation of the ribs do?

Back 130

increases thoracic cavity width

Front 131

What happens to the sternum as the ribs elevate?

Back 131

they move anteriorly and superiorly increasing depth

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23-33 slides

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https://myclass.ufv.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-257283-dt-content-rid-1146466_1/courses/10121.201501/10121.201501_ImportedContent_20150106085627/alveolar_pressure_chang.swf

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Chapter 18: gas exchange and transport

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alveoli-site of gas exchange

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s

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Structure of hemoglobin is?

Back 137

-has 4 subunits each, centered around Fe2+

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oxygen transport

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slide 20-31, human phys chapt18

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