Human Phys Chap 1

Front 1

what is physiology?

Back 1

study of how living organisms work.
both broad and small (from ion movement to organ integration(

Front 2

homeostasis?

Back 2

a relatively stable state of equilibrium.

the tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism, population, or
group

Front 3

why are cells special?

Back 3

simplest thing that can be divided and STILL retain life's functions.

Front 4

when did rory butler peak?

Back 4

high school

Front 5

explain cell differentiation?

Back 5

all cells start the same, from one cell, and differentiate into specialized cells from external chemical signals.

they also migrate to other places, form adhesions.

aggregate to form tissues, which combine to form organs, which combine to from organ systems

Front 6

four major cell categories?

Back 6

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Front 7

explain muscle cells?

Back 7

generate forces to provide movement.

Front 8

explain nerve cells?

Back 8

initiate, conduct electrical signals. can initiate new electrical signals, or stimulate a cell.

Front 9

explain epithelial cells?

Back 9

specialized for selective secretion and absorption for ions, organic molecules, protection.

helps against external environment
located at surfaces of body or individual organs.

lie on an extracellular protein layer called the BASEMENT MEMBRANE, and form boundaries between a compartments, function as barriers regulating molecule exchange.

Front 10

whats the external environment?

Back 10

the snvuronment surrounding body

Front 11

4 types of tissues?

Back 11

muscle, nerve, epithelial, and connective

Front 12

explain extracellular fluid?

Back 12

surrounds each individual cell in the body.

has in it the extracellular matrix, having a mix of protein and sometimes minerals.
-this matrix gives scaffold for cellular attachments; also it transmits info by chemical messengers to other cells helping to regulate activity/growth/differentiation

is HOMOGENOUS

Front 13

what is in protein of extracellular matrix?

Back 13

FIBERS! both collagen fibers and "rubberband" elastin fubers

also NONFIBROUS PROTEINS! these have complex carbs.

Front 14

what are organs made of (HINT:UNITS)

Back 14

functional units, where each one can do the job of the organ

Front 15

what's the internal environment?

Back 15

fluid surrounding cells, in the blood.

Front 16

interstitual fluid?

Back 16

about 75-80% of extracellular fluid.
the PLASMA is the other 20-25% of it.

Front 17

how are the concentrations of dissolved substances in plasma, interstitial fluid, and extracellular fluid?

Back 17

theyre all basically equal, being that the plasma/interstit. are what make up the extracellular fluid.

however, protein is higher in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

Front 18

homeostasis is a d-----c process?

Back 18

dynamic

NOT static

means that a homeostatic physiological function is NOT so constant, in reality it is fluctuating within a predictable (narrow) range.

Front 19

explain blood glucose level change in the body?

Back 19

raises after a meal, then returns to normal.

they can change very much, but always come back to a medium.

Front 20

dynamic constancy?

Back 20

over short periods, blood glucose levels may change drastically, but over a few days it gets to a predictable average level.

Front 21

explain homeostatic control systems?

Back 21

activation of cells/tissues/organs to regulate with each other so any change in extracellular fluid initiates reaction to correct the change

Front 22

steady state vs equilibrium?

Back 22

in STEADY STATE: a system in which a variable is NOT changing, but must have energy added continuously to maintain a constant condition. (semi-cold room, body heats up to keep up with temp loss)

in EQUILIBRIUM: a particular variable is not changing, but also NO input of energy is requires to maintain the constant variable.

Front 23

set point?

Back 23

the operating point, or steady state point

Front 24

explain homeostatic control of an extreme lowering in room temperature?

Back 24

- Lowering room temp
+ heat loss from body
- body temperature, leads to constriction of blood vessels (reduces amt of warm blood flowing, so less lost), curling up (less SA to lose heat), and shivering (makes chemical reactions in muscles make heat)


all of this shit helps to return body temperature toward original value

Front 25

explain negative feedback?
example?

Back 25

increase/decrease of variable being regulated, tends to bring responses that move the variable in the opposite direction of the direction of original change.

without this, homeostatic oscillations would be much greater.

ex) happens as ATP is accumulated and inhibits glucose breakdown (negative feedback is on here). when ATP levels are low, negative feedback is removed and more glucose is broken down so more ATP is made.

Front 26

positive feedback? example?

Back 26

accelerates a process.
explosive, NOT homeostatic, since it is counter to the homeostatic principle.

no means of stopping really, less common than neg. feedback.

ex) birth. pos. feedback makes uterine contractions stronger until baby's born, then it turns off.

Front 27

example of setting/reseting of SET POINT to new value?

Back 27

fever. raises homeostatic control systems are maintaining body temp's at a higher level to kill more infection.

after infection is gone, the original normal body temp can return.

set points not only change in response to external stimuli but ALSO happens daily, like when you sleep = less body temp.

is adaptive.

Front 28

plasma iron concentration?

Back 28

the concentration is lowered during infection to deprive the infectious shit of nutrients.

brought about by natural body defense mechanisms, NOT by the infection.

Front 29

what happens when homeostatic control systems cant maintain constancy in every variable?

Back 29

the constancy of certain variables may be altered markedly to maintain other variables in their normal ranges.

Front 30

feedforward regulation? example?

Back 30

ex) the temperature sensitive nerve cells that trigger neg feedback of body temp lie inside the body.
to trigger them, other temp-sensitive nerve cells in skin immediately detect changes in outside temp and relay the signal to the nerves in the body.

it anticipates changes in regulated variables (like body temp) and improves speed of response,
reduces deviation from set point.

ex)increased heart rate of athlete before 100m dash.

Front 31

reflex? other forms of reflexes?

Back 31

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned, BUILT-IN response to particular stimulus.

LEARNED/ACQUIRED reflexes are result of learning, practice.

*most reflexes are subject to alteration by learning

Front 32

reflex arc?

Back 32

from the stimulus to the response.
is the pathway mediating a reflex

Front 33

describe reflex process?

Back 33

RECEPTOR detects environmental change.
a stimulus acts upon the receptor to make signal to go to INTEGRATING CENTER thru the AFFERENT PATHWAY.

this is then output to a EFFECTOR, which causes the effectors change which completes the response. this final road is the EFFERENT PATHWAY.

Front 34

describe the integrating center?

Back 34

its output reflects the net effect of the total afferent input, since it receives signals from many receptors.

Front 35

constriction of blood vessels, contraction of skeletal muscle (shivering) is part of what pathway in thermoregulation reflex?

Back 35

the effectors.

Front 36

name two major effectors of the body?

Back 36

muscle, gland tissues

Front 37

how do glands act as effectors?

Back 37

the effector may be a hormone secreted into the blood.

Front 38

hormone define?

Back 38

type of chemical messenger secreted into blood by cells from endocrine system. can act on many cells at same time since they circulate thru body.

Front 39

2 places the integrating center can reside?

Back 39

the nervous system (efferent pathway thru nerve fibers)

an endocrine gland, the efferent pathway leading to release of hormones to blood.

additionally, the same endocrine gland can also act as receptor AND integrating center in a reflex.

Front 40

local homeostatic responses?
how it is different, similar to reflex?

Back 40

initiated by a change in external/internal environment (a STIMULUS).

like a reflex, is a result of sequence of events from a stimulus.

UNLIKE a reflex, the entire sequence only occurs in the area of the stimulus.
-ex) tissue cells can become metabolically active and secrete substances into the interstitial fluid that dilate local blood vessels. this causes increased blood flow which keeps increasing at the rate at which nutrients/oxygen is delivered to that area.

this helps provide individual areas of the body with LOCAL self-regulation