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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles of Sensory Physiology
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-Information from periphery to CNS
-External - sensory -Internal - visceral -Somatic - skin -Proprioception - limb and body positions |
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Modality
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Energy From stimulus, receptorrs show specificity to one modality. Part of transduction of stimulus
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Mechanorecptors of Skin
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Nerve Ending, ruffinis ending and merkels disk are slow adapting pacinian,meissners, hair follicle, are fast adapting
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Pain
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Felt from nociceptors activated by K, histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin and serotonin
Fast pain - delta fibers Slow - C fibers -Spinothalmic tract to thalmus |
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Eye accomodation
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Increasing lens curvature to focus on near object under parasympathetic control.
-Ciliary muscle contract and decreased tension of zonular fibers |
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Clinical Abnormalities
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Presbyopia—hardening of lens
Cataract—discoloration of lens Glaucoma—increased volume aqueous humor Astigmatism—irregularities of lens or cornea Myopia—near-sighted Hyperopia—far-sighted |
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Regulation of Light
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Size of pupil regulates amount of light.
Inner muscle constricts - parasympathetic Outer muscle dilates - sympathetic |
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Rod and Cone Sensitivity
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Rod in dark
rods and cones in moonlight cones in sunlight |
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3 Types of Cones
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Blue - 420nm
Green - 530nm Red - 560nm |
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Light to Dark
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-Light bleaches the rods and opsin is separated from retinal
-Move to dark, retinal and opsin reassociate |
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Convergence of photoreceptors
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More than one photoreceptor to bipolar neuron
More than one bipolar cell to ganglion cell -Rods converege in lower visual activity and greater sensitiviy -Cone is opposite |
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Neural Proccesing in Retina
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-Transmitter released from rods and codes which comminicate with bipolar neruons
-Synapse with ganglion, first cell in pathway to generate AP's |
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Anatomy of Ear
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Outer - entry of sound waves
Middle amplification of sound waves (tympanic membrane) Inner - transduction (Cochlea, vestibular apparatus) Eustachian tube - equilibrate pressure |
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Sound Amplification
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-Sound strikes tympanic membrane, causes movement of ossicles which causes movement of oval window. 1st and 2nd amplification
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Sound transduction
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-Conversion of sound to AP's occurs in the Cochlea
-Receptor for sound called sterocilia connected by protein bridges -Stress moves bridges causing opening and closing of cation channels -Bend to tall - depolarization -Bend to short - hyperpolarization -Allows K to enter cells |
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Vestibular Apparatus
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Anterior canal - head up or down
Posterior - head up and down to side Lateral - head side to side |
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Acceleration Transduction
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Utricile - detects forward and backward motion
Saccuke - detects up and down motion -Receptors are hair cells |
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Cranial Nerve VIII
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Vestibular nerve for equilibrium and cochlear nerve for hearing
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Cranial Nerves for taste
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VII, IX and X, terminate in brainstem
Second order in thalamus |
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Olfactory Transduction
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-Air-borne molecules dissolve in mucus, binds to receptor
-Activate G protein olf whch activate adenylate cyclase -cAMP bind to cations to open them -Results in depolarization |
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Neural Pathway for Olfaction
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CN 1 nerve
-Second order mitral cells |
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Autonomic Pathway
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Preganglionic neuron from (thoracolumbar spinal chord) CNS synapses with postganglionic neuron at autonomic ganglion in PNS, then to effector organs
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Sympathetic Pathway
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-Pregang exits via ventrol cord and enters spinal nerve, leaves as white ramus
-Postgabg leave ganglia as gray ramus |
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Parasympathtic
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Pregang originate in brainstem or sacral spinal chord.
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Parasympathetic nerves
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CN X - vegus nerve
CN III = oculomotor CN VII = facial nerve CN IX = glossopharyngeal nerve |
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Neurotransmitter of Autonomic NS
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Pregang and parasympathetic postgang - ACH
Sympathetic postgang = norepinephrine Somatic NS = ACH |
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Adrenal Medulla
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80% epinephrin and 20% nor
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Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors
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-Causes cation channels to open which causes depolarization
-Autonomic postganglionic for skeletal muscle |
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Muscarinic cholingergic receptors
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G-protein couple and effect depends on target cell
-Parasympathetic for organs |
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Adrenergic Receptor
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alpha -Located in effector organs of sympathtic NS, affinity for epine or norpeine
Beta -activate cAMP, in cardiac and kidneys - inhibitory Beta 3 - in adipose tissue - excitatory |
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Autonomic Function
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Para - rest
Symp - excitation skeletal muslce - nictoninic cholinergic |
