Human Origins

Front 1

Endocranial

Back 1

interior of the skull

Front 2

Deciduous

Back 2

1st Set of Teeth - temporary

Front 3

Foramen Magnum

Back 3

Hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord meets the brain

Front 4

Australopithecus africanus

Back 4

The Southern Ape of Africa : Taung fossil (Dart 1924)

Front 5

Homo Erectus

Back 5

Zhoukondian China "Asia as homeland viewpoint"

Front 6

Pleistocene Epic

Back 6

1.8 million to 0.01 million years ago.

Front 7

MYA

Back 7

million years ago

Front 8

Cranial capacity

Back 8

volume of the endocranial - reflecting brain size (cubic centimeters)

Front 9

Cranium

Back 9

part of the skull enclosing the brain also called the brain case.

Front 10

Piltdown Man

Back 10

Site in England (falsified) humanlike skull with ape like face

Front 11

Robert Broom

Back 11

South african paleontologist agreed with Dart (Taung fossil) found an adult crania and limb bones Autralopithecus fossils in Sterkfontein South Africa

Front 12

Trends in Evolution

Back 12

particulars which seperated human type ancestors to be differentiated from the great apes, monkeys

Front 13

Trends in Evolution
BiPedalism

Back 13

Upright posture defines the human evolutionary lineage:
a)consistent bipedalism
b)standing erect with straightened knees c) bi-pedal running*primates bent knee gain, compensate for restrictions of pelvis, hind limb musculator (less common among monkeys) Humans long time bipedal

Front 14

How did we become bipedal and why?

Back 14

Major changes to skeleton:
elongation of lower limbs (opposite in great apes)
foot shifted from grasping organ to wt. bearing
elongated femur
reorientation of bones
different positioning of muscles on bones

Front 15

Foot changes for bipedal

Back 15

early in human evolution structure indicates evolved from typical apes and atypical of quadrupedal monkeys.
wt in borne on 1st toe & foot outward, not inward for standing and walking.
Monkeys almost never wt on 1st toes -through middle toes

Front 16

Illium

Back 16

uppermost part of the innominate (pelvis){evolved prior to the ischium)to address the problem of landing and balancing functions from forelimbs to the hindlimbs.

Front 17

Ischium

Back 17

lowermost part of the innominate

Front 18

Pubis

Back 18

Anterior part of the innominate

Front 19

Skeletal modifications

Back 19

changes needed for bipedalism

Front 20

Skull changes

Back 20

foramen magnum moves forward witht he flecion of the cranial base.

Front 21

Pelvis changes

Back 21

change and shortening and broading of the ilium

Front 22

Vertebral column

Back 22

rotation of sacral vertebrae and sigmoid-shape spine

Front 23

Lower limbs and feet

Back 23

feet change from grasping to wt. bearing/muscle size structure changes: especially gluteral & hamstring muscles

Front 24

Lower limbs

Back 24

Elongation (most noticeable in genus Homo)

Front 25

Gluteus maximus

Back 25

largest muscles in the human buttocks

Front 26

Hamstring muscles

Back 26

semitendinous semimembranous and biceps femoris

Front 27

extensors

Back 27

muscles that move the leg forward are the flexors because they bend the leg at the hip-moving the leg back and forward-Humans depend on these for their locomotion

Front 28

Power/action

Back 28

Upright biped sacrificed power of action for endurance.

Front 29

Rodman & McHenry

Back 29

1980 Energetically more efficient

Front 30

Wheeler

Back 30

1984 reduces incidence of solar radiation

Front 31

Darwin

Back 31

1871 Facilitates tool use and making

Front 32

Lovejoy

Back 32

1981 Male provisioning and monogamy

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Tanner

Back 33

1981 Infant dependency on mother

Front 34

Hunt

Back 34

1994 Posture for small tree feeding

Front 35

Shipman

Back 35

1984 Energetically efficient for meat scavenging

Front 36

Sinclair

Back 36

1986 long-distancemigration and scavenging

Front 37

more bipedalism

Back 37

adaptation to long distance walking