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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology
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-The field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology.
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subfields of anthropology
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-Cultural
-Archaeology -Linguistic -Physical |
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Middle Ages: Claudius Ptolemy
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-Earth-centered Universe
-The Ptolemic Paradigm -Static Organic World – not moving -The Great Chain of Being – ranked order of living things with humans at the top -Fixity of life forms/types since creation -Age of Earth is approx. 6000 years |
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Nicolas Copernicus
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Heliocentric Universe
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Bacon
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Inductive Method
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Harvey
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Circulation of blood
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Galileo
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Experimental science, gravity
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Newton
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Laws of motion/gravity
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Comte de Buffon
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-Questioned the divine perfection of nature
-Argued for mutability of species -Saw life as a dynamic process, not static pattern |
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Carolus Linnaeus
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-wrote Systema Naturae (1758) (categorize all known species)
-binomial nomenclature – genus and species names are used to refer to species -grouped humans with animals |
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Lamarck
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-wrote Philosophie Zoologique (1809)
-interaction of organic forms and their environment -environmental change = morphological change -inheritance of acquired characteristics – favorable characteristics are passed on |
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Georges Cuvier
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-catastrophism as explanation for extinction
-anti-evolutionist, but divided animal kingdom |
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Charles Lyell
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-Geological Uniformitarianism – earth’s features are the result of long-term process that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.
-Suggested much older date for age of the earth than theistic estimates -Deep time / geological time |
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Thomas Malthus
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-wrote Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
-human population growth potentially geometric -population growth potential checked by struggle for existence |
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Charles Darwin
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-associated with originating evolutionary theory
-Natural selection as key evolutionary force -Emphasis on variation as driving mechanism -Voyage of the beagle… |
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Harvey
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Circulation of blood
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Galileo
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Experimental science, gravity
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Newton
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Laws of motion/gravity
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Comte de Buffon
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-Questioned the divine perfection of nature
-Argued for mutability of species -Saw life as a dynamic process, not static pattern |
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What were the main achievements of Carolus Linnaeus?
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-wrote Systema Naturae (1758) (categorize all known species)
-binomial nomenclature – genus and species names are used to refer to species -grouped humans with animals |
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What were the main achievements of Lamarck?
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-wrote Philosophie Zoologique (1809)
-interaction of organic forms and their environment -environmental change = morphological change -inheritance of acquired characteristics – favorable characteristics are passed on |
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What were the main views of Georges Cuvier?
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-catastrophism as explanation for extinction
-anti-evolutionist, but divided animal kingdom |
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What were the main achievements of Charles Lyell?
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-Geological Uniformitarianism – earth’s features are the result of long-term process that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.
-Suggested much older date for age of the earth than theistic estimates -Deep time / geological time |
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What were the main achievements of Thomas Malthus?
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-wrote Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
-human population growth potentially geometric -population growth potential checked by struggle for existence |
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What were the main achievements of Charles Darwin?
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-associated with originating evolutionary theory
-Natural selection as key evolutionary force -Emphasis on variation as driving mechanism -Voyage of the beagle… -domesticated plants and animals -geographical distribution of life forms -geological and paleontological record |
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What was some of Darwin's empirical evidence?
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-comparitive anatomy of living and extinct animals
-evidence from developmental studies such as embryology -the presence of vestigial organs |
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What were the main achievements of Alfred Russel Wallace?
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-defining natural selection - genetic changes in a population due to differential reproductive success between individuals
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What is the scientific method?
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-A research method whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated, and that hypothesis is tested through the collection and analysis of data. If the hypothesis is verified, it becomes a theory.
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What is the hierarchial structure of science?
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-law(principle)
-theory -model(hypothesis) -prediction -data -observation |
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hypothesis
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-testable explanation for a set of data
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testability
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clear predictions that are potentially falsifiable
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null hypothesis
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predictions subject to disproof (skepticism)
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What are the two key features of DNA?
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-serve as a blueprint for the physical makeup of any organism
-has the ability to replicate itself at cell division so an exact copy of this blueprint can be passed on |
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gene
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-sequence of DNA bases which codes for a specific polypeptide chain (protein product)
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allele
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-alternate form of a gene
-(i.e. A, B, and O blood types) |
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nucleotide
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-base unit of a DNA molecule made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
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DNA triplet
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-sequence of 3 DNA bases that code for an amino acid
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DNA codon
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-sequence of 3 RNA bases that code for an amino acid
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
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-RNA is single stranded
-RNA has a different sugar in its backbone called ribose -in RNA, the base, Uracil, is substituted for thymine. |
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What is protein synthesis?
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-what cells do when they aren't dividing
-results in the creation of proteins |
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transcription
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-takes place in the cell nucleus
-messenger RNA (mRNA) copes/transcribes the DNA in a series of 3 bases |
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translation
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-mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome
-transfer RNA (tRNA) brings in amino acids to match up to the codons -amino acids are connected into proteins |
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redundancy
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-some amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
-prevents mistakes in DNA replication from becoming fatal |
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chromosomes
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-packaged DNA
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mitosis
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-somatic cell division
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diploid
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-full number of chromosomes (46)
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meiosis
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-sex cell (gamete division)
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haploid
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-half number of chromosomes (23)
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recombination
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-increases variation, happens in meiosis only
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Mendel's first law: principle of segregation
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-traits are controlled by discrete genetic units
-these units occurred in pairs -offspring inherited one unit from each parent |
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Mendel's second law: principle of independent assortment
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-applies to two or more traits
-the hereditary units that code for traits assort independently of each other |
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the modern synthesis
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-"Darwin meets Mendel"
-production and redistribution of variation -how natural selection acts on this variation (differential reproductive success) |
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balanced polymorphism
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-homozygous-normal red blood cells
-heterozygous-sickle-cell trait -homozygous-sickle-cell anemia |
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non-mendelian traits
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-polygenic traits
-pleiotropy |
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polygenic traits
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-determined by effects of two or more genes
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pleiotropy
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-gene has multiple effects on phenotype
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biological evolution
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-changing gene frequencies
-occurs at the populational level -occurs over generations |
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microevolution
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-small changes in the population which occur over the period of a few thousand years
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macroevolution
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-large scale complex evolutionary changes in whole systems (brains size, pelvis form, development of tool making) over the period of many thousands or hundreds of thousands of years.
-speciation |
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modes of evolution
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-mutation
-natural selection -gene flow -genetic drift |
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gene flow
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-movement of genetic material from one population into another
-prevents speciation |
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genetic drift
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-evolutionary change produced by random events
-evolution by "accident" -has much greater impact on small populations |
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founder effect
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-special subset of genetic drift
-founding populations do not possess the same genes in the same frequencies -plays a large role in human evolution |
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3 key components in natural selection
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-variation
-environment -differential reproductive success |
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mutation
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-only source of new allelic varition
-random -most are neutral due to redundancy -only important in evolution if they are in the gametes |
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What are the units of evolution and of selection?
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-the unit of evolution is the population (individuals cannot evolve)
-the unit of selection is the individual (selection works on an individual's phenotype) |
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phyletic gradualism
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-gradual change over time in an evolving lineage
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punctuated equilibrium
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-rapid periods of change in a lineage followed by periods of stasis (no change in form)
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Humans can adapt to their environment through ___________:
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-acclimatization
-biological adaptation |
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acclimatization
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-short term physiological changes within an individual (hunting response, high altitude)
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biological adaptation
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-functional response of populations to the environment
-results from evolutionary change (long term response) |
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Bergmann's Rule
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-relationship of body mass or volume to surface area
-body size tends to be greater in populations that live in colder climates -as mass increases, surface area decreases proportionately |
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allen's rule
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-concern shape of body, especially appendages
-colder climates tend to have shorter appendages, which decrease mass to surface ratios, and in turn prevents heat loss -warmer climates tend to have longer appendages, which increases surface area relative to mass, and in turn promotes heat loss |
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biological definition of species
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-a group of organisms that can interbreed
-to produce fertile offspring (interfertility) -and are reproductively isolated from other groups |
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adaptive radiation
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-the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of an evolving group of organisms as they adapt to new niches
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ancestral (primitive) traits
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-inherited with little or no change from a remote ancestor (5 fingers)
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derived traits
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-traits that have undergone recent change (brain enlargement)
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systematics
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-the study of evolutionary relationships (descent)
-non-static approach: describes patterns of evolutionary change |
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two approaches of systematics
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-phenetics
-cladistics |
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phenetics
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-numerical taxonomy
-based on overall similarity |
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cladistics
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-overall similiarty is misleading
-based on shared derived traits only |
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principle of convergence
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-natural selections causes simliar morphologies (forms) to evolve in simlilar environments
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homology
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-features that share a common ancestor
-features that share a common developmental pathway |
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analogy
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-features which do not share a common ancestor or development
-features do share a common function |
