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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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~Function: Part of coenzyme TPP used in energy metabolism
~Deficiency: Beriberi ~Toxicity: No adverse effects ~Primary food sources: whole grains, lean pork ~Destroyed by prolonged cooking |
Thiamin (B1)
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~Function: Part of coenzyme FMN and FAD used in energy metabolism
~Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis, inflammation of membranes ~Toxicity: No advere effects ~Primary food sources: Milk, yogurt, whole grains, liver ~Destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation |
Riboflavin (B2)
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~Function: Part of coenzyme NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism
~Deficiency: Pellagra, diarrhea, abdominal pain; swollen, smooth, bright red tongue ~Toxicity: Painful flush, hives, and rash; nausea and vomiting; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance ~Primary food sources: All protein-containing foods |
Niacin (B3)
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~Function: Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
~Deficiency: Depression, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in arms and legs; red, scaly facial rash, hair loss ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: liver, egg yolks, soy beans, fish, whole grains; also GI bacteria ~Destroyed in canning |
Biotin
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~Function: Part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism
~Deficiency: Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy; hypoglycemia, sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: Chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolks, broccoli, whole grains ~Destroyed by food processing |
Pantothenic Acid
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~Function: Part of coenzyme PLP and PMP used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; aides in making red blood cells
~Deficiency: Scaly dermatitis, anemia (small cell), depression, confusion, convulsions ~Toxicity: Depression fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness, muscle weakness, inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions ~Primary food sources: Meats, fish, poultry, potatoes and starchy vegetables, legumes, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, and soy products |
Vitamin B6
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~Function: Part of coenzyme THF and DHF used in DNA synthesis, aides in new cell formation
~Deficiency: Anemia (large cell); smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, shortness of breath; elevated homocysteine ~Toxicity: Masks B12 deficiency symptoms ~Primary food sources: Fortified grains, leafy greens, legumes, seeds, liver |
Folate
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~Function: Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzyme, helps break down some fatty and amino acids
~Deficiency: Pernicious Anemia, Anemia (large cell), degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis, sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: Foods of animal origin, fortified cereals ~Destroyed by microwave cooking |
Vitamin B12
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~Function: Synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin
~Deficiency: Liver damage ~Toxicity: Body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage ~Primary food sources: Milk, liver, eggs, peanuts |
Choline
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~Function: Collagen synthesis, antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, builds resistance to infection, aides in absorption of iron
~Deficiency: Scurvy, Anemia (small cell), atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain, poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, muscle degeneration, pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises ~Toxicity: Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, insomnia, hot flashes, interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones ~Primary food sources: Citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes ~Destroyed by heat and oxygen |
Vitamin C
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~Function: Vision, bone and tooth growth, reproduction, immunity
~Deficiency: Hypovitaminosis A, xerosis (corneal drying), Bitot's spots (gray spots on eye), keratomalacia (softening of the cornea), xerophthalmia (corneal degeneration and blindness), impaired immunity ~Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis A, reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, pressure in skull mimicking brain tumor, headaches, muscle incoordination ~Primary food sources: Fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver |
Vitamin A
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~Function: Mineralization of bones
~Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, inadequate calcification, misshapen bones, bowing of legs, enlargement of head, protrusion of abdomen, muscle spasms ~Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis D, elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues ~Primary food sources: Fortified milk, margarine, butter, juices, cereals, chocolate mixes, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils; synthesized in the body through sunlight |
Vitamin D
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~Function: Antioxidant
~Deficiency: Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage ~Toxicity: Augments the effects of anticlotting medication ~Primary food sources: Polyunsaturated plant oils, leafy greens, wheat germ, whole grain, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds, fatty meats ~Destroyed by heat and oxygen |
Vitamin E
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~Function: Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
~Deficiency: Hemorrhaging ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: Leafy greens, cabbage-type vegetables, milk; bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract |
Vitamin K
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~Function: Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
~Deficiency: Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite ~Toxicity: Edema, acute hypertension ~Primary food sources: Table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, breads, and vegetables; large amounts in processed foods |
Sodium
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~Function: Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper absorption
~Deficiency: Symptoms do not occur under normal circumstances ~Toxicity: Vomiting ~Primary food sources: Table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, eggs; large amounts in processed foods |
Chloride
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~Function: Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, facilitates many reactions, supports cell integrity, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions
~Deficiency: Irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance ~Toxicity: Muscular weakness, vomiting; if given into a vein can stop the heart ~Primary food sources: Whole foods, meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes |
Potassium
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~Function: Mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure
~Deficiency: Stunted growth in children, osteoporosis in adults ~Toxicity: Constipation, urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals ~Primary food sources: Milk and milk products, small fish (with bones), calcium-set tofu, greens |
Calcium
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~Function: Mineralization of bones and teeth, part of every cell, important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance
~Deficiency: Muscular weakness, bone pain ~Toxicity: Calcification of non-skeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys ~Primary food sources: All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk |
Phosphorus
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~Function: Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, functioning of immune system
~Deficiency: Weakness, confusion, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements of the eye and face, hallucinations, difficulty swallowing; in children, growth failure ~Toxicity: From non-food sources only; diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration ~Primary food sources: Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa |
Magnesium
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~Function: Carries oxygen in the blood, makes oxygen available for muscle contraction, utilizes energy as part of the cells' metabolic machinery
~Deficiency: Anemia -- weakness, fatigue, headaches; impaired work performance and cognitive function; impaired immunity, pale skin, irregular body temperature, pica ~Toxicity: GI distress, infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage ~Primary food sources: Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits |
Iron
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~Function: Part of many enzymes; associated with insulin, makes genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transports vit. A, taste perception, wound healing, makes sperm, aides in normal development of the fetus
~Deficiency: Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite ~Toxicity: Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies ~Primary food sources: Protein foods; red meats, shellfish, whole grains, some fortified cereals |
Zinc
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~Function: Component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
~Deficiency: Underactive thyroid gland, goiter, mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) ~Toxicity: Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter ~Primary food sources: Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants |
Iodine
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~Function: Defends against oxidation, regulates thyroid hormone
~Deficiency: Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) ~Toxicity: Loss and brittleness of hair and nails, skin rash, fatigue, irritability, nervous system disorders, garlic breath odor ~Primary food sources: Seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables |
Selenium
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~Function: Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes
~Deficiency: Menkes disease, anemia, bone abnormalities ~Toxicity: Wilson's disease, liver damage ~Primary food sources: Seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes |
Copper
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~Function: Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formations
~Deficiency: Rare ~Toxicity: Nervous system disorders ~Primary food sources: Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea |
Manganese
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~Function: Maintains health of bones and teeth, makes teeth resistant to decay
~Deficiency: Susceptibility to tooth decay ~Toxicity: Fluorosis ~Primary food sources: Drinking water, tea, seafood |
Fluoride
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~Function: Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance
~Deficiency: Diabetes-like condition ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: Meats, liver, whole grains, brewer's yeast |
Chromium
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~Function: Cofactor for several enzymes
~Deficiency: Unknown ~Toxicity: None reported ~Primary food sources: Legumes, cereals, nuts |
Molybdenum
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~Function: As part of proteins, stabilizes their shpe by forming disulfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamine, and the hormone insulin
~Deficiency: None reported ~Toxicity: Suppressed growth in animals ~Primary food sources: All protein-containing foods (meats, fish poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts) |
Sulfate
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Hyper =
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High
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Hypo =
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Low
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High blood pressure is known as
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Hypertension
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Low blood pressure is known as
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Hypotension
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Low potassium in the blood is known as
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Hypokalemia
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High sodium in the blood is known as
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Hypernatremia
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Low calcium in the blood is known as
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Hypocalcemia
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High albumin in the blood is known as
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Hyperalbuminemia
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Inside the cell =
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Intracellular
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Outside the cell =
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Extracellular
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What percentage of an adult's bodyweight is made up of water?
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60%
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How much water should the average adult consume for every kcalorie expendid?
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1-1.5 mL
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How much water should men consume each day?
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3.7 L
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How much water should women consume each day?
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2.7 L
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A substance that increases the production of urine by the kidney and flushes the body of toxins is known as a
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Diuretic
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Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and excrete less
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Antidiuretic
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An enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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Renin
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Positively charged ions
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Cations
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Negatively charged ions
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Anions
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A protein that calcium binds with and activates, which activates the enzymes involved in breaking down glycogen for muscle contraction
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Calmodulin
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A working unit of the kidney
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Nephron
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A powerful vasoconstrictor hormone that narrows the diameters of blood vessels, thereby raising the blood pressure
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Angiotensin
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A hormone that signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium and water
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Aldosterone
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As polyunsaturated fat is increased in the diet, more of this vitamin is needed
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Vitamin K
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Which vitamin is involved with amino acid metabolism?
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Vitamin B6
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This vitamin is destroyed by UV light
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Riboflavin
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High potassium, low sodium results in
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Low blood pressure
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Low potassium, high sodium results in
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High blood pressure
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These vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria
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Biotin, Vitamin K
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Carotenization is a toxicity symptom of...
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Vitamin A
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Pernicious Anemia is a toxicity symptom of...
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Vitamin B12
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A severe thiamine deficiency in alcoholics, treated with vitamin B, is known as
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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The globular protein of the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body
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Hemoglobin
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The oxygen-holding protein of the muscle cells
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Myoglobin
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A craving for and consumption of non-food substances
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Pica
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A precursor to hemoglobin
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Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
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A hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance
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Hepcidin
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The iron storage protein
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Ferritin
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The iron transport protein
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Transferrin
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An iron storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload
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Hemosiderin
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The state of having depleted iron stores
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Iron-deficiency
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Severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale red blood cells
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Iron-deficiency anemia
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Iron that is bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins, found only in animal sources (meat, fish and poultry)
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Heme iron
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Iron that is not bound to proteins, found in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods
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Nonheme iron
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The trace mineral that enhances visual pigment
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Zinc
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency
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Goiter
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A congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy
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Cretinism
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Heart disease associated with selenium deficiency
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Keshan disease
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Prevents free-radical formation
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Glutathione peroxidase
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Copper deficiency disease in which intestinal cells absorb copper but cannot release it into circulation
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Menkes disease
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Copper toxicity disease in which copper accumulates in the liver and brain
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Wilson's disease
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This vitamin functions like a hormone
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Vitamin D
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This vitamin requires an intrinsic factor for absorption
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Vitamin B12
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This mineral is found in eggs and proteins
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Sulfur
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What trace element is part of the hormone glutathione peroxidase?
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Selenium
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What are the 4 D's of Niacin deficiency?
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Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death
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