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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The Human Mind: Thoughts, feelings and self:
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Thoughts
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conversations with ourselves – the person doing the speaking and the person doing the listening are one in the same
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Emotions
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a change in your body structure that changes the actions available to you
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Feelings
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a commentary we make about our emotions
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Fundamental emotion through which human beings arise
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Love
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Mind/language connection
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Minds are dependent on thoughts, thoughts are stories we tell ourselves, stories exist in language therefore our minds cant exist without language
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Human/social connection
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The interpretation of how our physical body experiences the world around us can only come about through our recurrent experience in a loving, language driven social environment
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Language, self, mind and body:
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XXX |
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Perception/context
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How we make sense of what we perceive is dependent on the context that we perceive it in
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What do split brain experiments demonstrate?
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highlighting the importance of language in explaining our experiences (ie when corpus callosum is severed, information presented to the right side of the brain can be ‘computed’ but not explained as it’s not connected to the speech areas on the left side)
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Language is necessary for:
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Thinking (personal conversation); Mind (personal experience and narratives); Awareness (explanations of our experiences); Self-consciousness (explanations of me as an experiencer)
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Thinking Men Are Sexy |
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How language arises
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through consensual linguistic coupling in a social domain
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The development of self-awareness:
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XXX |
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Examples of body affecting mind
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Chemical influence eg caffeine; sickness behaviours eg immune hormones increasing temp in case of flu
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Examples of mind affecting body
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Explanations; Our behaviours affect our emotions and emotions affect our bodily structure then our explanations have an effect on our bodies
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Memory
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A present experience in a domain we call the past that we experience now
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Aspects of self
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Unity; Continuity; Embodiment; Privacy; Social embedding; Self-awareness (consciousness); Free will
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Ugly Cows Eat Pies Socially Sometimes Freely |
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Consciousness and self:
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XXX
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Threat vigilance (evolved negativity bias)
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primordial instinct to be wary of potentially dangerous situations carries through into a modern tendency to overstate perceived stress
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Potential negative effects of threat vigilance
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Threat vigilance is designed to be a short-lived state; living in a constant state of emergency can be hazardous to health
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Effect of perceived stress on wound healing
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Perceived stress can affect wound healing time
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Megastress
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stress is not something implicit, so just take your life and live it!
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Self and meaning
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XXX
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Consciousness
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being aware of your awareness of yourself
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Un-consciousness
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not aware of your awareness of yourself
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Hypnosis
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Setting up an environment where particular suggestions might be amenable to a person such their body/mind responds in a different way to how they might otherwise
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To have a sense of choice we need to:
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Be able to embed ourselves in a time domain (sense of a present moment, a constructed past and an imagined future); Some form of memory (relate out present moment to a past domain); Be able to imagine future selves; Imagine a path to one of those future selves
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Choice
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essentially exists in our imagination (our body doesn’t have choice; but our mind does)
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Mind & Body as vehicle and journey
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mutually influential domains but incommensurate (you can’t measure one in terms of the other)
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The Placebo Effect:
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Alternative name for placebo effect
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meaning effect (the context around the treatment rather than the treatment itself)
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What can be used as a placebo?
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Anything normally used for medical treatment can be used as a placebo ie pills, creams – also practitioner and setting
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What sorts of symptoms can placebos treat?
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patient reported symptoms (pain, coughs); but also other physiological symptoms eg blood pressure, hormones
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Components of placebo effect (3)
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knowing you’re going to receive a treatment; receiving only a ‘treatment’; receiving an augmented treatment (ie clinician input/reassurance)
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Clinician characteristics that enhance the placebo effect
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high status; credibility and confidence; formal medical setting; clear indication of expected response; concern and care for patient
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Expectation effect
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even when given a strong drug, if people had a negative expectation, then the drug failed to work
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Other influences on expectations
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Price; branding; colour; number of pills; type of treatment (seriousness); active placebos (causes similar side effects but without active effect); newness
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Wine study
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those told they were drinking a more expensive wine actually experienced physiological effects in their brain associated with pleasantness
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Classical conditioning
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conditioning a certain response to a particular trigger
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Observational learning
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Observing someone else expressing certain responses to a particular stimulus
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Nocebo effect
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Asymptomatic illnesses
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Nocebo effects can exceed active medication side effects
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Psychological characteristics enhancing nocebo effects
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Anxiety; depression; somatization (tendency to exhibit psychological imbalance physically); pessimism
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Misattribution hypothesis
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Attributing symptoms that may occur normally (or as part of the illness itself) to a drug eg. Dizziness, headache etc
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Anxiety and symptoms
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People with high anxiety less adept at reading physiological symptoms from body eg heart palpitations that are less like to be related to a particular heart condition
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How are expectations generated?
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Verbally (doctors, friends/family, tv); written info (internet, medication inserts); branding; past experience
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Classical conditioning
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Pairings of a particular situation with an adverse reaction to a drug eg hospital and chemotherapy
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Reducing nocebo effects
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Education about misattribution; reduce anxiety about treatment; positive message framing (emphasising good effects rather than bad); advertise only serious side effects; overshadowing intervention (classically conditioned to a different trigger eg object rather than setting)
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Mass psychogenic illness
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Groups of people that spend a lot of time together (eg schools); tends to take hold if the example case is a higher status person
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Managing MPI
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Quick recognition; remove patients from the scene, separate ill from not ill; re-term eg unexplained or stress-related; try to minimise rumours
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Emotionally Expressive Writing
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Devised by
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James Pennebaker
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Focus of expressive writing
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pays more attention to feelings than the events, memories, objects, or people in the contents of a narrative
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What are feelings?
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Commentaries about our emotions
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What do emotions do?
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Affect our body structure
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Nature of explanations
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Explanations are arbitrary; we are free to change the explanation and thus potentially change the outcome/effect of an event on our body
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The past and future are ways of…
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Living in the present. We are capable of ‘re-writing’ these domains as they only exist in our minds.
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Structure and Organisation
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Organization
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Relationships among components; class specification
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Structure
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Components making up a particular entity of the class
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Structure-determined system
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Undergoes only changes determined by its organization and structure
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What is conserved when something (eg a living thing) stays the same?
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Organization; a pattern of relationships
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Key factor distinguishing living from non-living things
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Externally (other) produced versus self produced (autopoietic organization)
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Two key components of living things
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Self-generation (autopoiesis) and relationships with non-self (adaptation)
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Instructive interactions
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No external forces or information instructs the system how to behave or change
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Why is it difficult to trace the history of living things?
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We can’t really step outside ourselves; ‘we are the context in which we view the world’
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Social life and ethics
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Conflict resolution
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Cannot be solved in the domain where it takes place if the participants are ‘certain’; needs to be moved to another domain (one of acceptance)
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Ethics and 'worlding'
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‘every human act has an ethical meaning because it is an act of constitution of the human world’
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Acceptance
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‘anything the undermines the acceptance of others…undermines the social process because it undermines the biological process that generates it’
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Structural dancing
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‘everything that we do is a structural dance in the choreography of co-existence’
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Moral vs ethics
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Independence vs interdependence; in the former I can tell others how to act, in the latter I can only tell myself how to act
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Decisions vs choices
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We can only make decisions about questions that are in principle undecidable ie that are not bound by the rules of logic
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Means to avoid responsibility eg objectivity, hierarchy are products of a choice between two undecidable questions:
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Am I apart from the universe? Am I part of the universe?
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Co-ordinating behaviour: Brain and nervous system
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Brain stem
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Heartbeat; breathing; workings of many internal organs
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Cerebellum
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Coordinates/regulates muscle activities and balance
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Limbic region
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Emotional and memory centres
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Left hemisphere strengths
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Analytical, sequential processing, time-based procedures
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Right hemisphere strengths
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Holistic, parallel processing functions, not time-dependent
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Stroke causes
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Cells in the brain starved of oxygen because of a blot clot blocking a vessel (80%), or when a vessel bursts and resulting bleeding damages surrounding brain tissue (20%)
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