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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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physical object that a child holds as security
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transitional objects
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reproduce material from memory
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recall
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ability to identify precious encountered stimulus
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recognition
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reproducing of a previously observed event
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deferred imitation
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two things that are equal remain so even if appearance is altered
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conservation
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center on own POV
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egocentrism
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boys act like their dads and girls act like their moms
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identifying with same sex parents
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aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal
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instrumental aggression
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socialization process where children learn appropriate gender roles
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gender typing
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discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex
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sexism
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neither male nor female but integrating the best of each
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androgyny
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unlimited capacity holds info for long periods of time
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long-term memory
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associating items with something else, like a story or scene, to remember
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elaboration
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a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true
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self fulfilling prophecy
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image of ourselves
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self concept
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Regular amounts of time each week in which the child is left alone or left with a sibling younger than age 13
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self care children
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developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted
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dyslexia
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psychological or behavioral differences between male and female
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gender differences
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a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety
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systematic desensitization
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Name 4 types of parenting styles?
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Disciplinary strategies
Warmth and nurturance Communication styles Expectations of maturity and control |
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involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus when a desired behavior occurs
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negative reinforcement
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to generate several possible solutions to a problem
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divergent thinking
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may result in social isolation and limit his or her ability to engage in and learn from new experiences
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acting out behavior
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learning that is guided by metacognition (thinking about one's thinking)
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self regulation
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solitary constructive play
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nonsocial play
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What are the characteristics of physical development during early childhood?
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slim down and shoot up
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What is the chief factor for ill health in childhood?
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poverty
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What is the leading cause of death in early childhood?
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accidents
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What are some considerations for early childhood nutrition?
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appropriate portions and not forced to clean plate
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Benefits of childhood illnesses:
5 items |
builds immunity
learn to cope with physical stress attend to bodily sensations learn empathy promotes language development |
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talking aloud to one's self with no intent to communicate with others
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private speech
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What is the function of private speech?
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aids in problem solving or performing difficult tasks without adult supervision
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What are Ericksen's crises in early and middle childhood?
2 of them |
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority |
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What is the main premise of social learning theory?
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children acquire gender roles by observing models and imitation
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What is the result of gender stereotypes?
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they come out in children as young as 2
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What are the factors that cause gender differences?
3 of them |
gender roles
gender typing gender stereotypes |
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What are the 3 different types of play?
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functional play
constructive play dramatic play |
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repeated practice large muscle movements
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functional play
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aka object play, using objects to make something Ex. building a house out of blocks
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constructive play
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aka pretend play, imaginary objects, roles, actions emerges
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dramatic play
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What factors contribute to the fears in early childhood?
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fantasy vs. reality
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What are the characteristics of aggression in early childhood?
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inattentive and poor emotion regulation
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What causes aggression to increase?
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temperament
stressful home atmosphere harsh discipline lack of maternal warmth and social support |
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What are the characteristics of popular children?
6 items |
good cognitive abilities
good at solving social problems helpful to other children assertive trustworthy equal commitment |
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What are the disadvantages of physical punishment?
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injury
fail to internalize moral messages poor child parent relationships increased physical aggressivenes |
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Name 2 techniques of effective parenting:
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be consistent
reward good behavior |
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What are the characteristics of homeless children?
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depression
anxiety academic and behavior problems |
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What are piaget's stages between ages 3 to 11 years-give one advance and one limitation.
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concrete operations: advances: spatial relationships, cause and effect, conservation
limitations: limited somewhat to here and now, cannot think hypothetically (what if), cannot think abstractly |
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What are the disadvantages of intelligence tests?
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only measures one aspect of intelligence
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What is the fourth "R" in school?
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reasoning
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What are the 3 main conclusions of research on gifted children?
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IQ 130
enrichment acceleration |
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What are the reasons for choosing friends in middle childhood?
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positive experiences
doing things together liking and caring for eachother |
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Why would children with very high self esteem not be popular?
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they think they're better than everyone else
they brag |
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How is co-regulation developed?
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parent and child share power;parents influence children when present and monitor behavior when they are not; children learn to monitor own behavior
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What is the recommended ratio of praise to criticism?
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4:1
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What are the characteristics of childhood depression?
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inability to have fun and concentrate
fatigue extreme activity or apathy sleep problems physical changes or complaints |
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What are the characteristics of psychological maltreatment of children?
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failure to thrive
depression |
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What does a child's reaction to stress depend on?
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temperament
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What are the behavior characteristics of childhood obesity?
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indulge themselves with treats causing depression and low self esteem
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What does the MOntessori curriculum include?
7 items |
Practical life experiences
sensory awareness mathematics language creative arts science movement |
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wake up in middle of the night and start screaming with no recollection
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night terrors
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How is a child's self esteem expressed?
name 3 |
child's confidence
curiosity willingness to explore adaptability |
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knowing it is ourselves in the mirror
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self recognition
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defining ourselves in terms of a cluster of characteristics
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self definition
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a pattern of behavior organized around gender
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gender schema
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What are the functions of play?
Name 4 |
stimulates the senses
improves muscle coordination improves language opportunity to try out different roles cope with complex emotions |
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type of play where you are not connected at all
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unoccupied behavior
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watching other kids and what's going on
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onlooker behavior
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play by themselves
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solitary play
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2 kids play next to eachother not with eachother
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parallel play
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taking turns
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associative play
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playing in teams as in soccer
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organized or cooperative play
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Name 2 influences on play
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gender
culture |
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parenting styles
power assertion; relies on parental control(demands, threats, withdraw priveleges, spanking, punishments) |
authoritarian
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parenting styles
inductive techniques: set limits, appealing to reason, logical conaequences, explaining and discussing |
authoritative
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parenting styles
withdrawal of love and/or structure: ignoring, isolation, show dislike |
permissive
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What are the disadvantages of physical punishment?
6 items |
models aggression
teaches nothing new causes emotional trauma teaches escape/avoidance may lead to abuse punishment must increase in severity to be effective |
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can see another's POV; advanced reasoning skills, active; self confident; have good family models
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prosocial behavior
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growing sense of capability to master challenges and achieve goals
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self efficacy
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