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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elements to Diagnosis?
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History, Clinical Examination, Paraclinical Investigation
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Elements of A History Taking?
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Intro, Current Complaints, Other complaints, Known illnesses + hospitalizations, Hereditary dispositions, exposures, allergies, meds, alcohol+tobacco, personal+social history
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Clinical Exam Parts?
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General Condition, Skull, Face+Eyes+Mouth+Throat, Neck, Breasts, Lymph nodes, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Abdominal, Genital, Extremities, Neurological
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Why is the right ventricle muscle thinner than the left ventricle muscle?
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There is low pressure in the lungs, the left ventricle needs to create a higher pressure
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What is the function of the pericardium?
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to reduce friction
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Pericardium layers?
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visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium
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What does the heart wall consist of?
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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What does the coronary artery supply?
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the heart muscle
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What is the flow of blood from arteries to veins?
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artery arteriole capillary venule vein
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What is a capillary?
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a single layer of endothelial cells
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What is ischemic heart disease?
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lack of oxygen
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What is a thrombus?
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a blood clot
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What forms after a heart attack?
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Fibrous tissue
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What does the L coronary artery divide into?
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the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the circumflex artery (CX)
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What heart valves are the most important?
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the aortic and mitral valves
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What does stenotic mean?
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Too narrow
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What happens if there are problems with the mitral valve?
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hypertrophic left ventricle
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What is the electrical conduction system of the heart?
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SA node-atrial myocardial cells contract-AV node-HIS bundle - left and right bundle branches (Left to P and A branches) - Purkinje fibers
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Where are hormones released in the electrical conduction system of the heart?
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the SA node
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What does the P wave mean in an ECG?
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depolarization of the r and l atria
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What does the Q wave mean in an ECG?
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septum is activated from left to right
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What is the important of lead 2?
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gives a normal ECG, looks p at the heart from the lower left
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What does the R wave mean in an ECG?
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depolarization of the ventricles
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What does the s wave mean in an ECG?
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R ventricle electricity away from the lead
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What does the T wave mean in an ECG?
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relaxation of the ventricles
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What does a prolonged PQ interval mean?
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issue with AV node
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What does a wide QRS complex mean?
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HIS block on one side
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Why is the ST segment so important?
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an elevated ST segment means a ST elevated myocardial infarction has occured (v. severe), a depressed ST segment also means a myocardial infarction has occured
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What is a normal heart rate?
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50 to 100 beats per minute
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What is a normal PQ segment?
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3 small squares to 6 small squares (0.12-0.22)
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What is a normal QRS length?
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less than 0.12 ?
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What is a normal P wave?
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less than 0.12 ?
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How do you calculate heart rate?
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300/number of large squares between two R waves
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Why should you use 12 leads?
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some things only show in one or two leads, helps to determine where a myocardial infarction is
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How should you approach an ECG?
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is it sinusrhythem? what is the HR? Is the QRS complex normal? Look at the ST deviation. Look at the PQ interval.
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risk factors for ischemic heart disease?
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hyperlipidemia, familiar history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes
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Clinical Presentation of ischemic heart disease?
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chest pain during exercise, radiating pain to left arm, neck back, syncope, breathlessnes,
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What is stable angina pectoris?
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the "stable guy", plaque, only symptoms during exercise, can progress to unstable - plaque rupture
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What three diseases are acute coronary syndrome?
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UNSTABLE GUY, (1) unstable angina pectoris leads to (2) non-ST elevation myocardial infarction or NSTEMI (3) ST-elevation myocardial infarction STEMI
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If nitroglycerin helps, then its...?
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Ischemic Heart Disease
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You need 2 out of what 3 symptoms for a myocardial infarction?
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Chest pain, ECG signs, Biomarkers (elevated troponins, inside myocardial cells, when the cells die they are released)
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Noninvasive Testing Not For ACS
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Functional Testing (bicycle/treadmill test, myocardial perfusion imaging, MR perfusion, stress echocardiography), Anatomic Test (Cardiac CT)
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Invasive Test for MI
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CATH (coronary angiography)
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Treatment for ACS
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morphine oxygen nitrates aspirin
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What is heart failure?
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when the heart stops functioning
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Cardiac output equation
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CO=SVxHR
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What is the normal amount of mL ejected from a normal stroke volume?
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60-70mL
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If stroke volume decreases, then...?
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Heart rate increases
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Symptoms of heart failure?
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shortness of breath, heart can dilate and be enlarged, tachycardia, swollen ankles (if right side fail), lung oedema (if left side fail), fatigue, dizziness, fainting
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Treatment for heart failure?
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Some diuretics (reduce the pressure the heart has to work against), biventricular pacemaker
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What blood pressure is too high?
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over 140/90
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What does orthopedic mean?
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straight child, originated with treatment of children with scoliosis
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Types of fractures?
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greenstick, spiral, comminuted, transverse, compound, compressure
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What is the exam technique for fractures?
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Inspection, Palpitation, X-ray
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Where are the most common fractures?
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The femoral neck - (1) collum femoris, 4 types, classified by Garden (2) Pertrochanteric, 5 types, classified by Evans
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Disorders of the Lower Leg?
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arthrosis of the knee, knee pain/distortions, fractures of the tibia and fibula
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What is a proximal tibia fracture commonly cause by?
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A car accident
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