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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Morality?
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Notions of right and wrong that guide each of us individually
(may not be shared by others) |
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Ethics?
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Norms shared by a "group" on basis of mutual and usually reciprocal recognition
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Descriptive vs Normative Ethics?
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Descriptive - what do ppl do & why do ppl to it
Normative - what should ppl do & why should they do it |
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Law?
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Norms formally made by political authority & enforced through legal process
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What are the seven contemporary ethical theories?
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Deontoloty
Consequentialism Virtue Ethics Principlism Casuistry Narrative Feminist |
HINT: (In Washington)
DC (the) Vice President Can Never Fail |
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Describe the Ethical Theory:
Deontology |
Follows the universal laws. Rule based approaches to ethics. There are no exceptions to the rules.
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Describe the Ethical Theory:
Consequentialism |
Utilitarianism - Look at outcome and make a decision. Ends justifies means. Max benefits & minimize risks for most (or most important) ppl Even if it's at expense of few (or least important) ppl
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Describe the Ethical Theory:
Virtue Ethics |
Honesty, faithful, corageous
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Describe Ethical Theory:
Casuistry |
Decisions are made based on previous cases.
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Describe Ethical Theory:
Narative |
Looks at the story, not just facts
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Describe Ethical Theory:
Feminist |
Consider patient as member of community/family
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What are the strengths of ethics?
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Systemic and rational approach to problems
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What are the weakness of ethics?
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Multiple theories can lead to multiple solutions.
Ethics aren't always enforcable |
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What are the 4 basic ethical principles of "Principlism" ?
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Beneficience Nonmaleficience
Autonomy Justice |
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Autonomy?
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respect dignity and uniqueness of each person, respect person's right to self determination; ensure non-autonomous patients are treated w/dignity.
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Nonmaleficience?
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- obligation to avoid doing harm to patient
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Beneficience?
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-obligation to promote well being of patient
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Justice?
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- obligation to act fairly towards patient; treat equally & use resources wisely
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What is they systematic approach to resolving ethical dilemmas?
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- Identify Issues (medical, legal, ethical)
- Range of Options - strengths/weakness of options using ethical principles - make recommendation & explain using ethical principles |
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What are the three roles of the Ethics Committee?
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- Education of members & non-members
- Policy Review & Development - Clinical Consultation to provide advisory, non-binding advice & support |
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What is the legal term to describe the Doctor-Patient relationship?
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Fiduciary Relationship = special relationship. Doctor uses specialized knowledge and skills to help patient.
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What is dual loyalty?
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When doctor is owes duty to patient and duty to society at large. Let patient know when doctor has obligations to others.
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What is the shared decision making process?
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A compromise b/twn what doctor thinks is best for patient and what patient wants.
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What are the aims of public health care system?
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Prevent epidemics & spread of disease, prevent against evironmental hazards & promoting healthy behaviors.
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What are the aims of Medicine (private) health care system?
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Restoring, Curing & Preventing disease in individuals
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Describe Medicaid:
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It is run by each state.
Pays for long-term care/ Established for the Poor. Includes State Children Health Insurance Plan |
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Describe Medicare
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Acute Care Insurance Program run by federal government for persons 65+
Will cover hospital visits up to 3 days for full recovery procedures but no long-term care coverage |
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What is the Medicare Donut Hole?
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Part D provides money for percription but there is a gap in coverage.
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What is a clinician's role in the "shared decision-making model" ?
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- Provide general & specific info to patient
- establish environment for deliberation - adress barriers to making sound decision - protect patient's info - recognize patient's values |
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What is the patient's role in "shared decision-making model" ?
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use personal beliefs & clinician's knowledge to make decision
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What are some barriers to the "shared decision-making model" ?
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language, age, disability, pain, depression, unconsciousness, inability to communicate
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What are the three goals of decision making?
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- Informed Consent Process
- Competence - Confidentiality |
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What is informed consent and what elements must it contain?
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Process by which clinician obtain's patient's consent or refusal to receive care. Must include
- competent patient (communicate, understand, deliberate) - voluntary (free from coercion) - informed (given info) - must be specific enough |
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What are the three components of competence?
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Competence is one's ability to make a decision. Includes:
- Patient can communicate decision. - Patient can understand info - Patient can deliberate about info & consequences |
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Define health info privacy.
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An individual's claim to control the circumstances in which health info is collected, used, stored, and transmitted.
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HIPAA was established in 1996, what does it mainly do?
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Protects individually identifiable health info in any form that relates to health or conditions of an individual or payment of healthcare.
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What are three reasons you can have variability in findings?
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Biological
Instrumental Observational |
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What are the three types of abnormality?
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Clinical - there is treatment
Subjective - it's serious threat to health Statistical - outilers in population |
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What is regression to the mean?
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outlier valies are not usually reproducible, therefore in future the score will go away.
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Hint: Measuring BP twice
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Prevalence?
Point Prevalence? Period Prevalence? |
Prevalence is # of existing cases.
Point - # of existing cases at a specific moment in time Period - # of existing cases during a period of time. |
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What is incidence?
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New cases frequency. It is the likelihood that someone will get disease.
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Rate?
Crude? Specific? |
# of events / Population-at-risk
Crude is the Population at large Specific is a subset of pop |
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What are adjusted rates?
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Confounderless Populations
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What is relative risk?
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The probability an event will occur to a person w/characteristic in relation to that event occuring to a person w/o characteristic.
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What are "odds" ?
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Probability that an event WILL occur / probability that an event will NOT occur
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What is an "odds ratio"?
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ratio that tells us an association among individuals of a disease/health status & a risk factor
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Validity is measuring what you intend to measure. (accuracy)
What is internal vs external? |
Internal - degree to which results are correct for the sample (subset) that was studied
External - degree to which results are correct for the population that was not studied (generalizability) |
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Reliability of measurement?
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Ability to obtain the same results when measurements are repeated. (percision)
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What is inter-rater agreement vs reproducible measurement?
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Inter-rater agreement - 2 ppl both agree on same observation
Reproducible - 2 assessments @ diff times agree |
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What is content validity?
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measure all the dimensions that can impact your outcome
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Hint: body weight is not the only factor that affects cardiovascular fitness
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What is construct validity?
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Does the variable correlate with things it should correlate with
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What are legal reasons for telling patients truth?
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- patient rights
- decision making/future planning - informed consent (what patient wants to know & what a reasonable person would want to know to make an objective decision |
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What are circumstances under which telling truth is not required by law?
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Waiver
Emergency Incompetency WHOLE/ENTIRE truth is not practical |
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What are the leading demographic trends that may impact health care?
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- Growing Population/ Older living longer
- Diversity - Income & Wealth Disparities - Social re-organization of family unit - Enviornment - Globalization |
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What are the six characteristics that make up public health law?
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- Gov Power
- Coercion Ability & limitation - Population Based Perspecitve - Communities & Civic Participation - Prevention Orientation - Social Justice |
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Describe Gov Power in public health law?
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Protecting Common Good (things individuals can't control)
- Police Power & Parens Patriae |
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What are examples of Public Health Law's focus on Prevention?
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manditory vaccinations, fluoridation, seat belts, child car seat laws, motorcycle helment laws, edu to ruduce drunk driving
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What are examples of legal tools gov can use to shape the public's health?
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Tax Tobacco
Fed funds for highways Building Codes Licensing of Physicians Inspecting Restaurants Communicable disease control laws |
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What are the two basic principles regulating cognitive functioning & development?
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Organization
Adaptation |
Hint: Piaget
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Explain Piaget's Principle of Organization
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Tendency of living persons to organize processes into coherent systems. It is the basis for Cognitive Schemas which are ways for obtaining info from environment
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Explain Piaget's Principle of Adaptation
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How organism creates & adapts to new info that does not fit within existing organization
1 - assimilation 2 - accomodation |
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Explain the concept of Assimilation?
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Assimilation is part of Adaptation. It is when infant interprets new info by putting it into existing schema.
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Hint: All 4 legged animals are dogs
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Explain the concept of Accommodation?
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Adaptation: Accomodation is when infant adjusts current schema to better fit new info
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Hint: Horse is not a dog. Two types of 4 legged animals
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What are Piaget's four major stages of cognitve development?
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Sensori-motor (0-2yrs)
Pre-ocupational Concrete Ocupational Formal Operational |
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What are some characteristics of the sensorimotor period?
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- egocentric
- No Object Permanence at first (developed during this stage) - Trial & Error Learning |
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Why is object permanence important socially?
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self-recognition, recognition and recall of others
separation distress/attachment locate & recall food sources Marks ability to symbolize which is essential for language |
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What are some characteristics of pre-operational period?
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- able to have symbolic function
- rapid language growth - egocentric - phenomenalistic thinking/ cause & effect (sun sets = ppl go to bed) - realistic thinking (think dreams are real) - Animistic thinking (raining b/c sun is sad) - Anthropomorphic (teddy bear needs to eat) Problem w/Conservation & Classification |
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What is the disequilibrium of Pre-operational stage & what does it give rise to?
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Confusing psychological & real phenomena/Confusing cause & effect = phenomenistic thinking.
This gives rise to "Perspectivistic Thinking" ability to recognize & coordinate multiple perspectives of objects, events, & social interactions |
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What are some characteristics of concrete-operational stage?
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- Perspective Thinking
- More logical/organized thought based on observable facts - Emergence of conservation, reversability, seriation, classification - Playing by "rules" - Peer grouping - Interpersonal Tactics - Cooperation & reciprocity |
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What are the disequilibriums for the Concrete-Operational stage?
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- confusing hypothesis w/facts
- inflexible problem solving strategies - problem w/chance & randomness - assumptive realities = failure to distinguish b/twn hypothesis & reality These disequilibrium gives rise to "meta cognition" (thinking about thinking) |
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What are some characteristics of formal operational stage?
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- abstract thinking
- inductive & deductive reasoning - Meta-cognition - testing hypothesis against evidence - idealism - secondary symbolic function - heightened self awareness & self critique - ethics & moral reasoning develops |
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How would you calculate Prevalence?
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Prevalence = Incidence Rate x Duration of Disease
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What does incidence tell us?
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Incidence tells us what is the risk of getting a disease is.
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How do you calculate Mortality rate?
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# of deaths in time peroid /
# of people at risk of dying |
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Calculate Birth rate?
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# of birth in time period /
total poplation at mid TP x 100,000 |
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Calculate Fertility rate?
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# of births in TP/
population women 15-44 at midpoint TP x 1,000 |
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Calculate infant mortality rate?
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# infant deaths 1-365 days during TP/
# live births TP x 1,000 |
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What are adjusted rates?
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rates that are confounder-less
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What is confounding?
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Confounding is an extraneous variable that is correlated with both the independent & dependent variable (can result from bias or chance)
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What does attributable rate difference ask?
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Asks how much does the situation change b/c the characteristics we're interested in is present.
(ex: ## fewer got disease b/c of presense of X & ## more got disease b/c of absence of X) |
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What are some leading health indicators?
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Disabilities
Morbidity Mental Illness Oral Health Prevenative Health Measures Behavioral New Morbidities |
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What are problems with Public sources of dental coverage?
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Medicaid only covers kids & Medicare does not cover dnetal unless it's directly related to the treatment of medical problem
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What are the methods used to reimburse dentists?
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Fee-for-service
Private Insurance --DHMO (per patient) --PPO (per procedure) |
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Name five trends that will impact future dental service supply & demand.
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Decline in Dental Workforce
Shortage of Dental Hygienists/Assistants New Osteopathical Field New Technology = increase cost Reduced dental benefits |
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What are some important dental policy issues?
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-Reducing Access Disparities for low income & minority populations
-Increasing supply of dental services in rural areas -Increasing diversity in dental workforce - increasing funding for dental school -expansion of medicad dental coverage to cover adults -better reimbursement from medicaid |
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What are three situations whien civil rights of patient may be restricted?
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- Diminished Decisional Capacity
- Dangerousness - Emergency |
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Who determines competence?
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A judge
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What are ethical reasonings apply to mental health law?
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Autonomy vs Right to Treatment (if patient were in right mind they would choose beneficial treatment)
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Describe Voluntary Commitment.
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Patient willingly agrees to evaluation & can leave when they please BUT if psychiatrist believes patient is not safe for discharge they can hold patient fo 72 hrs & probabte court will determine if involuntary committment is needed
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Describe Involuntary committment.
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Consider if person is dangerous or gravely disabled.
If yes, MD APRN psychologist can have patient committed. If patient persists they don't want care, can hold them up to 15 days. Probate court decides if they stay. |
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What must a psychiatrist prove to court in order to involuntary medicate patient in non-emergency setting?
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- patient has treatable illness
- patient has diminished capacity & can't decide on treatment - describe meds (up to 45days) - reasonable that meds will restore patient to capcity or significantly improve condition |
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What are the levels of mental illness?
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mild - situational
moderate - mood, anxiety disorders, personality disorders severe - acute: psychosis, suicidality OR chronic mental illness |
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What are the four sectors of mental health services?
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Specialty
General Human Services Voluntary |
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Describe Specialty Mental Health Sector
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psychiatrist, social workers, nurses, psychiatrist
target pop ppl w/severe mental illness Emergency Programs, Detox/Addiction Rehab, Day treatment programs, ACT Teams |
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Decribe General Mental Health Sector
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Internist, Pediatricians, APRN
deal mainly w/depression |
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Describe the Human Services sector.
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Social Services, school-bases counseling, residential rehab, criminal justices, Religious Counselors
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Describe the Voluntary Support Network Sector.
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Self-help groups, AA, peer groups
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What are some challenges to the mental health services systems?
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inadequate availability of treatment
poor care coordination suboptimal treatment Absences of patient centered care |
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What is the goal of children health services?
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Optimal physical, mental & social health well-being for all infants, children & adolescents & young adults
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What are the five key concepts in early brain development?
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Proportional Brain Growth (really disproportional)
Neural Plasticity Critical Periods Sequential Development Role of Experiences |
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Explain the concept of Proportional Brain Growth in early brain development.
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Brain growth is disproportional from pre-natal to 2 years of age
then after two years brain development is stable while body growth is dynamic |
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Explain the concept of Neural Plasticity in early brain development.
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Brain has a great deal of plasticity & can recover from insults.
Windo of Opportunity ages 1-3 where its easier for undamaged part of brain can take on function of damaged part of brain |
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Explain the concept of Critical Periods in early brain development:
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period where infants/young children must be exposed to certain stimuli or brain dev will not proceed in normal optimal fashion (1-3 yrs old)
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Explain the concept of Sequential Development in early brain development.
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Brainstem develops first -->
diencephalon --> limbic --> neocortex develops last |
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Explain Role of Experience in early brain development
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experience can lead to neural changes in brain
dynamic changes in # of synapses are directly influenced by experience of infant & child |
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What are the three developmental trajectories & which one should get more attention than it does?
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healthy
at risk (should get more attention b/c they can go either way) delayed/disordered |
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What is critical to ensure optimal brain development in children?
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Stimulation must begin as early as possible and must be aligned w/children's deve stages and needs
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What are characteristics of Affective (emotional) brain development in infants?
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Synchrony (reciprocity b/twn infant & parent)
Temperament (how behave) Attachment (major emotional agenda of infancy) Autonomy No impluse control |
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What are characteritistics of Physical development in infants - 2 yrs?
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State: level of aurosal, consciousness, alert to stimuli
Motor: gross motor (some fine) Growth rate: length/height, weight, head circumference |
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What are cohort studies?
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Where investigator knows that these ppl have been exposed to X and investigator is trying to see if the exposure causes Z.
Known: is exposure Unknown: is case/outcome Determines "Relative Risk" |
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What is relative risk?
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Relative risk is tbe probability of getting a disease/outcome
RATIO: Incidence of getting Disease in ppl exposed : Incidence of getting the disease in ppl who are NOT exposed (A/A+B) / (C/C+D) |
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What are two types of Cohort studies?
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Experimental (Randomized Control Trials)
and Observational |
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Experimental (Randomized Control Trials)
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investigator manipulates one factor to compare.
measures Efficacy & Effectiveness |
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Observational
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investigator is not manipulating but just observing many factors (prospective vs retrospective)
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What is efficacy?
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Controled Trials that assess whether or not a treatment actually works under ideal circumstances
(only for as treated studies) |
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What is effectiveness?
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Uncontrolled Trials that assess whether or not treatment actually helps (works in ordinary circumstances)
(can use intention to treat) |
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What can affect the outcome of a clinical trial?
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- Natural History of Disease
- Hawthorne Effect (ppl change behavior when observed) - Placebo Effect - Chance - Treatment works |
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Absolute Risk Reduction??
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Rate Control - Rate Treated
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Relative Rate Reduction??
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(Rate Control - Rate Treated) /
(Rate Control) |
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Number needed to treat??
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(1) / (Rate Control - Rate Treated)
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What are four manifestiations of unprofessional behavior?
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Disruptive Behavior
Lapses in Professionalism Incompetence Impairment (physical, mental, substance abuse |
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Indentify risk factors for impairment & signs of possible impairment?
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- change in personal health/appearance
- failure to keep appointments - irritability - stressful life events - changes in interpersonal style of interaction - intoxication |
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What is TORT?
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type of legal doctrine that regulates professional behavior, no jail, $$ fine
- it is a civil allegation of wrongdoing |
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What are the ten bases for professional liability?
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Negligence
Res Ipsa Loquitor (The thing speaks for itself) Gross Negligence Lack of Informed Consent Assult/Battery Abandonment Breach of Confidentiality Negligence per se Vicarious Liability Negligence Entrustment or Supervision Wrongful Death |
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Describe gross negligence?
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Type of negligence including reckless disregard or indifference of consequences of action.
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What are the two components of Lack of Informed Consent when it comes to liability?
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- battery
- failure to inform |
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Describe abandoment when it comes to liability?
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failure to treat patient or adequately transfer care after starting doctor patient relationship
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What is "Negligence per se"?
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Conduct automatically considered negligent b/c it violates law
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What is vicarious liability?
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liability of one party b/c of the wrongful acts/omission of another
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Hint: suing attending b/c of actions of resident
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What is "Negligence Entrustment or Supervision"?
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Negligence when it comes to supervising or hiring proper staff
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What are the four things that must be proven in a negligence claim by a plaintiff?
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- Duty of provider to patient
- Breach of Duty (deviation of standard of care) - Direct/Proximal Cause of Injury (physician's actions must be cause of injury) - Injury/Harm |
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What are some defences against liability?
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- absence of duty
- compliance w/standard of care - no causation/no damage - no direct/proximate injury - contributaroy/comparable negligence - informed/waiver (patient knew or chose not to know) |
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Explain No Causation/No Damages?
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The injury was caused by something else, the clinician's conduct did NOT cause or contribute to injury
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What is contributory or comparable negligence?
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When the plaintiff contributed to injury/outcome
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What are some risk management practices?
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- know standard of care
- good clinical skills - good doctor-patient relationship - complete/throrough documentation - disclose & express empathy for any unexpected outcomes - obtain malpractice insurance |
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What are the two types of malpractice insurance?
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- occurance
- claim made & reported |
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What is therapeutic misconception?
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Patient assumes that the research study they are involved with is helping the b/c doctor recommended participation
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What report requires resarch to uphold ethical principles?
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Belmont Report
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What are some parts of the common rule?
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- PI has primary responsibility for welfare of human subjects
- PI must complete human subjects training & seek review & approval for research - ensure voluntary participation - minimize risks - confidentiality of info & data - special protection for pregnant, fetuses, neonates, prisoners, children (DOES not regulate research on those w/diminished cpacity) |
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What constitutes research on human subjects?
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Research where data is obtained
1 about living humans 2 through intervention or interaction with participants 3 that includes identifiable private info. |
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What is the role of IRB?
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- ethical reviews
- minimization of risks - ensure informed consent - ensure fair selection of participants - protect vulnerable populations - periodic review - record keeping |
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What is difference b/twn implicit and explicit bias?
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- implicit is unconsious to person giving it off
- explicit is clear |
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What are some basis for prejudice?
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Cognitive (social categorization)
Motivational (social dominance) Sociocultural (cultural sterotyping) |
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What is an adverse outcome?
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outcome that results in morbidity or mortality arising from UNDERLYING patient disease. ~ not physician fault
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What is an adverse injury?
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Injury or harm resulting from medical care (physician's fault)
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What is medical error?
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act leading to an undesirable outcome
Mistake vs Slip |
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What is an error of commision?
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doing something wrong
(ordering med patient is allergic to) |
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What is error of omission?
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Not doing something that should have been done.
(didn't check patient's chart before hand) |
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What is the swiss cheese model?
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Despite having many barriers to prevent "accidents" there are holes in each barrier & if those hole line up, an accident can occur.
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What are some practices to prevent patient harm?
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forcing functions
computerized order entry independent double checks read backs (b/twn care team) Safety checklists & Time outs |
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How should health care team respond to adverse injury?
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- Apologize & be Transparent
- Proper Documentation - Root Cause Analysis - Process Improvement |
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What is root cause analysis?
How does it differ from process improvement? |
Analyzing how can hosptial improve from situation wherease Proces improvement is the actual protocol/guidelines that are implemented as result.
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What is a culture of safety?
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The way things should be done to prevent intended and unintended harm.
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What are the three + one functions of Public Health?
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Assessment
Policy Development Assurance Research |
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What are the two essential services of the Assessment function of Public Health?
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- Monitoring Health of Public
- Diagnosis/Investigation of emerging health threats |
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What are the three essential services of the Policy Development function of Public Health?
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- Inform, educate, empower
- Mobilize community partnerships - Develop Policies |
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What are the four essential services of the Assurance function of Pubic Health?
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- Enforcing laws
- Link to provide care - Assure Competent Work Force - Evaluate Effectiveness |
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What are examples of major PH achievements in past 100 years?
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Fluoridation
Tobacco Control Vaccination, Motor Vehicle Safety, Workplase Safetey, Infectious Disease Control, CVD & Stroke Death reduction, Healthier mothers & babies |
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What is Federal Gov public health power?
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research, service funding,
(ex: the "healthy people 2020" report) |
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What is State Gov public health power?
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States have "police power"
Survillance of Diseases Registration/Liscensure of Healthcare Providers Safety Net Health Care Providers (i.e. CHIP) |
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What is Local Gov public health power?
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Responsible for controlling communicable diseases, chronic disease prevention, enviornmental health, maternal/baby health, vital records (death certificates) etc
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What does it mean when Relative Risk = 1.00?
Relative Risk > 1.00? Relative Risk < 1.00? |
RR = 1 means exposure does not change the risk of getting disease/outcome
RR > 1.00 means being "exposed" increases the risk of getting disease/outcome RR < 1.00 means being "exposed" reduces the risk of getting disease/outcome |
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What is the Crude Relative Risk?
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it is the riske elevation or risk depression (in percentage) due to a give exposure
RR = 1.44 --> Crude Relative Risk is 44% |
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What is the Attributable Risk Rate Difference?
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(A/A+B) - (C/C+D)
Absolute Risk of getting disease in Exposed Group minus the Absolute Risk of getting disease in Unexposed Group Attributable Risk will give you the # of diseases Above or Below what is expected. |
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What are the foundations of the "Embryo Protection Framework" ?
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- Nonmaleficience
- Human life begins at conception - believe the induced pluirpotent stem cells are sufficient enough for stem cell research - don't believe in use of human embryonic stem cell research |
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What are the beliefs of the "Medical Benefits Framework" in regards to embryonic research?
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- Beneficene
- want to use both hESC & iPSC |
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What are some ethical issues of using hESC?
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Is there informed consent?
Justice? is there equality in benefit? |
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What is CT Law concerning hESC research?
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- research must be conducted with full consideration of medical and ethical implications
- reviewed by IRB - prohibits payment for embryos or eggs - prohibits human cloning - documentation that eggs and embryos were donated voluntarily (meaning donors were given options to store, donate for research, donate to another person, or detroy) |
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What did the Dickey-Wicker Amendment state?
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None of Federal Money can be made available to
- the creation of human embryos for research - research in which human embryos are destroyed, discarded, or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death greater than that allowed for research on fetuses inutero - later ammended by diff presidents |
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What are three ways in which the learning theory is different from others?
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- parsimony (only few rules)
- environment (external envi is sorce of behavior) - situation-specific (ppl act diff in diff situaitons) |
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What are the two conditions in the learning theory?
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Classical Conditioning - can learn something by pairing it with a natural instic
Operant Conditoning - behavior is result of consequences |
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What are the different types of reinforcement for operant conditioning?
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Continuous reinforcement - reward every time desired response is emitted
Partial Reinforcement - Time Interval (fixed & variable Partial Reinforcement - Ratio Interval (fixed & variable) |
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What is the most powerful /effectove type of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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Variable Ratio - there is a variable number of responses b/twn reinforcement (ex: slots at a casino, don't know when you'll win)
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What is an example of fixed ratio partial reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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Fixed ratio = constant number of behaviors before reward is given: example -
Salesman gets raise for every 10 cars sold |
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What is fixed (time) interval in partial reinforcement of operant conditioning?
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Constant interval of time passes in between giving reinforcement
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What are three ways in which acute pain can become chronic pain?
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pain behaviors recives direct/positive reinforcement
pain behaviors receives indirect but positive reinforcement (time-out from activity) "Well" behavior goes unrienforced (no positive attention for physical therapy attempt) |
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What are ways to make sure a patient doesn't develop chronic pain as result of behavioral reinforcement?
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Reinforce "well behviors"
Interval Contingent Medication Give rest as reward for "well behaviors" |
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What is the emphasis of Rotter's Social Learning Theory?
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Central role - people organize and transform the stimuli that impinge upon them as opposed to merely reacting to external influences
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What is expectancy?
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probability held by an individual that a particular reinforcement will occur
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What is the Reinforcement Value?
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The person's prefernce for a reinforcement to occur over other possibilities
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What is the observational leraning Theory?
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behavior of person A changes b/c they saw person B's behavior and the consequences of B's behaviors
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What is Vicarious Reward?
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Person A sees Person B do good, B gets reward, so Person A does what B does
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What is Vicarious Punishment?
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Person A see Person B do bad, Person B gets punished so person A does NOT do what B did.
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What is Percived Control?
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Thinking that performing a behavior has an impact on the outcome.
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What is Self-Efficacy?
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Conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the desired outcome
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What is locus of control?
Internal? External? |
Internal Locus - person believes they have some control of life
External Locus - person believes that they have no control of what happens in their life |
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What is learned helplessness?
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idea that there is no relationship to their behavior and an expectation of a reward
can be cured over time by directive therapy |
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Describe Explanatory/Attributional Style?
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When ppl with stable & global believe experience something negative & they are convinced it will happen again. Can lead to depression.
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How does HIPAA regulate genetic testing?
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- prohibits use of genetic info to determine insurance eligibiilty
- prohibits insurers from raising premiums - prohibits use of genetic info as "pre-existing condition" |
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What does Genetic Info Nondiscrimination Act do?
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GINA prohibits
- elegibility for insurance premiums - insurers requiring genetic info - employers using genetic info for employment decisions - employers requesting family genetic info |
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What is duty to warn?
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When genetic info about individual poses serious & eminent threat to 3rd party.
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What did the United Automoblie Workers vs Johnson establish?
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Unconstitutional to enforce policy barring women from jobs b/c they are pregnant or could be pregnant
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What is the "Punitive" Model of dealing with women who abuse drugs/alcohol while pregnant?
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- protect the fetsus (child abuse laws apply to fetus)
- taking custody/criminal action will deter future use of drugs via mother until child is born |
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What is the "Public Health and Education" Model of dealing with women who abuse drugs/alcohol while pregnant?
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- pregnant woman has no duty to fetus
- says fetus is not child until born - women will not trust doctors - doctors will be agents of state |
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What are the views of American College of ObGyn?
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- mother must give informed consent
- ob has no right to do prenatal test for drugs/alcohol w/o consent - Autonomy of mom - don't want to undermine doctor patient relationship |
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What are 2 new parts of Affective Development in Pre-opperational stage that were not there in the sensorimotor stage?
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Gender - fixed stable concepts of boys & girls
Peer Interaction - they start to interact w/ other children |
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What are some cognitive characteristic in pre-operational stage?
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- develop 80% of language skills
- "Magic Years" they go back and forth b/twn reality and fantasy - Cannot take anothers point of view - Cannot reason rationally |
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At what stage do children start to understand perspective?
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- Concrete Operational Stage
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At what stage are children able to do mental transformations (conservation, classification, sequencing) ?
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- Concrete Operational Stage
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In terms of Cognitive Development, what are concrete operational kids UNABLE to do?
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Cannot:
- use hypothetical reasoning - reason abstract |
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At what stage are kids able to start absract thinking?
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Formal Operational
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How do peer interactions change for formal operations kids?
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the start to have more relationships with the opposite gender & keep friendships with same gender,
extreme importance of belonging |
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What are signs of healthy affective development by the end of the formal operational stage?
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Comfort with sexuality/gender role
Emancipation (emotionally) from parents Positive "social regard" |
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What are advantages of observational cohort studies?
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- able to determine cause & effect (unlike case control)
- study multiple factors - Able to calculate risk - Avoids measurment bias since no exposure at baseline - percision |
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What are disadvantages of Observational Cohort studies?
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- expensive
- large number of subjects needed - diff to study rare disease - diff to do follow-ups (can lose patients) - potential confounding variables b/c limits on exposure assessments |
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