Human Growth And Motor Development

Front 1

Labyrinthine righting reflex

Back 1

Thie reflex enables the infant to maintain an upright body posture.
It's elicited by holding the infant in an upright postion and tipping them forward or backwards, in response the infant will reflexively try to maintain the original upright postion.
This appears around the second month, becomes stronger around six months, and disappears by 12.

Front 2

Sucking reflex

Back 2

Starts around 4 fetal months and ends are 6 months
Elicited by putting and object near a baby's mouth, in response the baby will begin sucking.

Front 3

Rooting or search reflex

Back 3

Begins at birth and ends around 7-8 months
Elicited when a baby's cheek is touched, it will move its head towards the side on which it was touched.

Front 4

moro Reflex

Back 4

begins in 7th fetal month and ends around first year
When a baby is startled or beings to fall it will extend its arms and legs

Front 5

Startle Reflex

Back 5

Appears around 7 monthsn and ends around 1st year
When startled the infant will flex all its muscles

Front 6

Grasping reflex

Back 6

Appears around 4 months until 4 months
When an object touched the infants hand the baby will wrap its fingers around it

Front 7

Sucking reflex

Back 7

Starts around 4 fetal months and ends are 6 months
Elicited by putting and object near a baby's mouth, in response the baby will begin sucking.

Front 8

Rooting or search reflex

Back 8

Begins at birth and ends around 7-8 months
Elicited when a baby's cheek is touched, it will move its head towards the side on which it was touched.

Front 9

moro Reflex

Back 9

begins in 7th fetal month and ends around first year
When a baby is startled or beings to fall it will extend its arms and legs

Front 10

Startle Reflex

Back 10

Appears around 7 monthsn and ends around 1st year
When startled the infant will flex all its muscles

Front 11

Grasping reflex

Back 11

Appears around 4 months until 4 months
When an object touched the infants hand the baby will wrap its fingers around it

Front 12

Head and body righting reflexes

Back 12

appear around 2nd month until the 6th
head righting reflex can be elicited by tuning the infants body andin response the infant will also turn its head
the body righting reflex is when you turn the infants head and it will move its body in response

Front 13

Pull up reflex

Back 13

appears in 3rd month and disappears by the end of the first year
elicited by putting an infant in the upright sitting position while holding its hands and carefully tipping it backwards or forwards and in response the infant will flex or extend its arms to maintain the upright postion.

Front 14

parachute reflex

Back 14

Begins around 4 months and can persist past the first year
When moved towards the group the infant will extend its limbs to break the fall

Front 15

Crawling Reflex

Back 15

Can be observed from birth until 4th month
Elicited when an infant is placed on their stomach and pressure is applied to the bottom of their foot, in response the infant will begin making crawling movements

Front 16

Stepping Reflex

Back 16

Can be observed one week after birth until fourth months
Elicited when a baby is held in a walking position, in response the baby will make a walking movement

Front 17

spontaneous movements or stereotypies

Back 17

stereotypic repetetive motions that appear in the absence of any known stimulus. These are described as transitional behaviors
peak behavior between six to ten months
most common movementsa are rhythmic leg kicking, arm waving, arm banging against a surface, and finger flexion.

Front 18

postural control

Back 18

maintaining body alignment and balance in the face of external disturbing forces

Front 19

Neonates postural control

Back 19

completely dominated by gravity
can lift head
cannot sit up
cannot maintain head, trunk alignments while being moved

Front 20

when is a babys head steady while moving

Back 20

5 months

Front 21

when can a baby sit without support

Back 21

7-8 months

Front 22

when can a baby get to sitting

Back 22

10-11 months

Front 23

when can a baby pull to standing?

Back 23

12-13 months

Front 24

when can a baby stand alone?

Back 24

14-16 months

Front 25

anticipatory postural adjustments

Back 25

signals muscles that react when you move a muscle

Front 26

When does independent locomotion start?

Back 26

At 6 months on average, rolling begins and by 10 months the baby will be creeping

Front 27

creeping

Back 27

the act of moving the body along slowly and close to the ground while be on hands and knees

Front 28

crawling

Back 28

Slowest movement done by dragging the prone body around
Occurs between 6-8 months
Before crawling the baby must be able to control the head, neck, and trunk

Front 29

walking

Back 29

Movement of shifting weight from one foot to another, with at least one foot contacting the ground at all times.
Not done effectively until 13 months, first steps begin around 8 months
Mature walking will not be achieved until 5 years
Before walking the child must be able to maintain upright posture, by pulling themselves into the standing position and cruising

Front 30

Initial walking

Back 30

Difficulty maintaining upright posture
Unpredictable loss of balance
Rigid halting leg movements
Short steps
Flat footed
Toes turned outwards
Wide base of support
Center of gravity moves up and down because of the flat foot walking

Front 31

Elementary Walking

Back 31

Smoothing of walking pattern
Step length increases
Heel-toe contact
Arms have limited swing, remain by sides of body
Base of support narrows
Toes begin to point inward

Front 32

Mature Walking

Back 32

reflexive arm swing
Narrow base of support
Minimal vertical lift
Heel-toe contact
Center of gravity moves forward and smoothly

Front 33

double support phase in walking

Back 33

the point during walking when the body is supported by both legs

Front 34

What are the three developmental progressions of postural control? What are the trends present throughout these milestones?

Back 34

1. head and neck control
a baby can lift their head after one month, but gain full control after 6
2. Sitting (7-8 months)
3. Standing

Trends
1. develop head to tail, or cephalo-caudal
2. flexion dominated muscles develop before extension muscle action

Front 35

What are sensory signals needed for head control? When are they fully developed?

Back 35

complex neck muscle response requires simultaneous processing of visual and vestibular signals, these don't appear until 4-6 months