Human Growth And Development Chapter 4

Front 1

afterbirth

Back 1

Stage three of the birth process, during which the placenta
and other membranes are discharged (Ch. 4)

Front 2

AIDS

Back 2

A condition caused by a virus that invades the body's
immune system, making it vulnerable to infections and life-
threatening illnesses (Chs. 4 and 12).

Front 3

amniocentisis

Back 3

A process that entails inserting a needle through the
mother's abdomen, piercing the amniotic sac and
withdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid (Ch. 4).

Front 4

amniotic sac

Back 4

Fluid-filled cavity in which embryo and fetus develop (Ch.
4).

Front 5

anoxia

Back 5

A lack of oxygen that can cause brain damage or death if it
occurs during the birth process (Ch. 4).

Front 6

blastocyst

Back 6

When the fertilized egg reaches the uterus (about seven
days), it's known as a blastocyst (Chs. 3 and 4).

Front 7

breech birth

Back 7

A birth in which the baby is born feet first, buttocks first, or
in a crosswise position (transverse presentation) (Ch. 4).

Front 8

cellular differentiation

Back 8

Embryonic cells are destined for specific functions (Ch. 4).

Front 9

cesarean section

Back 9

A surgery performed to deliver the baby through the
abdomen if for some reason the child cannot come through
the birth canal (Ch. 4).

Front 10

chorionic villi sampling (CVS)

Back 10

A procedure in which a catheter (small tube) is inserted
through the vagina to the villi and a small section is
suctioned into the tube (Ch. 4).

Front 11

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Back 11

A virus that can cause damage ranging from mental
retardation, blindness, deafness, and even death. One of
the major difficulties in combatting this disease is that it
remains unrecognized in pregnant women (Ch. 4).

Front 12

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

Back 12

In the late 1940s and 1950s, DES (a synthetic hormone)
was administered to pregnant women supposedly to
prevent miscarriage. It was later found that the daughters
of the women who had received this treatment were more
susceptible to vaginal and cervical cancer (Ch. 4).

Front 13

developmental risk

Back 13

Children who may be susceptible to problems because of
some physical or psychological difficulty ("at-risk" children)
(Ch. 4).

Front 14

dilation

Back 14

Stage one of the birth process, during which the cervix
dilates to about 4 inches in diameter (Ch. 4)

Front 15

ectoderm

Back 15

The outer layer of the embryo that will give rise to nervous
system, among other developmental features (Ch. 4).

Front 16

ectopic pregnancy

Back 16

A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg attempts to develop
in one of the fallopian tubes; this is sometimes referred to
as a tubal pregnancy (Ch. 4).

Front 17

embryonic period

Back 17

Third through the eighth week following fertilization (Ch. 4).

Front 18

endoderm

Back 18

The inner layer of the embryo that will give rise to the
lungs, liver, and pancreas, among other developmental
features (Ch. 4)

Front 19

expulsion

Back 19

Stage two of the birth process, during which the baby
passes through the birth canal (Ch. 4)

Front 20

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 20

Refers to babies when their mothers drink alcohol during
pregnancy; they manifest four clusters of symptoms:
psychological functioning, growth factors, physical features,
and structural effects (Ch. 4).

Front 21

fetal period

Back 21

The period extending from the beginning of the third month
to birth (Ch. 4).

Front 22

fetoscopy

Back 22

A procedure in which a tiny instrument called a fetoscope is
inserted into the amniotic cavity, making it possible to see
the fetus (Ch. 4).

Front 23

forceps delivery

Back 23

A procedure in which the physician, for safety, will withdraw
the baby with forceps during the first phase of birth (Ch. 4).

Front 24

German measles (rubella)

Back 24

A typically mild childhood disease caused by a virus;
pregnant women who contract this disease may give birth
to a baby with a defect: congenital heart disorder,
cataracts, deafness, mental retardation. The risk is
especially high if the disease appears early in the pregnancy
(Ch. 4).

Front 25

germinal period

Back 25

The first two weeks following fertilization (Ch. 4)

Front 26

herpes simplex

Back 26

An infection that usually occurs during birth; a child can
develop the symptoms during the first week following the
birth. The eyes and nervous system are most susceptible to
this disease (Ch. 4).

Front 27

implantation

Back 27

Fertilized egg attaches and secures itself to uterine wall
(Chs. 3 and 4).

Front 28

mesoderm

Back 28

The middle layer of the embryo that gives rise to muscles,
skeleton, excretory system (Ch. 4).

Front 29

miscarriage

Back 29

The term that describes when a pregnancy ends
spontaneously before the 20th week (Ch. 4).

Front 30

organogenesis

Back 30

The formation of organs during the embryonic period (Ch. 4).

Front 31

placenta

Back 31

The placenta supplies the embryo with all its needs, carries
off all its wastes, and protects it from danger (Ch. 4).

Front 32

premature

Back 32

A condition that occurs less than 37 weeks after conception
and is defined by low birth weight and immaturity (Ch. 4).

Front 33

prepared childbirth

Back 33

Combination of relaxation techniques and information about
the birth process; sometimes called the Lamaze method
after its founder (Ch. 4)

Front 34

rh factor

Back 34

An incompatibility between the blood types of mother and
child; if the mother is Rh-negative and the child is Rh-
positive, miscarriage or even infant death can result (Ch.
4).

Front 35

stillbirth

Back 35

The term used to describe, after the 20th week, the
spontaneous end of a pregnancy if the baby is born dead
(Ch. 4).

Front 36

syphilis

Back 36

A sexually transmitted infection that presents a great
danger in that in its early stage there are no symptoms. If
untreated, it can be fatal (Chs. 4 and 12).

Front 37

teratogens

Back 37

Any agents that can cause abnormalities, including drugs,
chemicals, infections, pollutants, and the mother's physical
state (Ch. 4).

Front 38

thalidomide

Back 38

A popular drug prescribed during the early 1960s, which
was later found to cause a variety of birth defects when
taken by women early in their pregnancy (Ch. 4).

Front 39

toxoplasmosis

Back 39

Caused by a protozoan, it may cause damage to the
nervous system; transmitted by animals, especially cats
(Ch. 4).

Front 40

ultrasound

Back 40

The use of sound waves to produce an image that enables a
physician to detect structural abnormalities (Ch. 4).

Front 41

umbilical cord

Back 41

Contains blood vessels that go to and from the mother
through the arteries and veins supplying the placenta (Ch.
4).