Human Growth And Development

Front 1

_______________ age measures a child's development in terms of age norms

Back 1

Developmental. For instance, if a 5 year old took an intelligence test and scored high, it might be determined that his developmental age is 7 years old--in other words, he is only five years of age, but his intelligence is at the level of an average 7 year old.

Front 2

Piaget’s Theory of _____________ Development discusses the development of schemas

Back 2

Cognitive. This is the approach people take to organizing the world into an interrelated network of schemas by which they can categorize and identify people and things for recognition and further understanding.

Front 3

_____________ are organized mental representations of the world.

Back 3

Detailed Explanation:
Schemas. Schemas assist children, and others, to categorize information and develop subgroups for linking past knowledge with that learned in the future for the process of distinction.

Front 4

Detailed Explanation:
Schemas. Schemas assist children, and others, to categorize information and develop subgroups for linking past knowledge with that learned in the future for the process of distinction.

Back 4

Accommodation: Accommodation is what happens when a person must change their current way of viewing the world to respond to a situation. For example, if a boy believes that all rocks sink in water, then sees some volcanic rock floating on water, he will adjust his thinking to believe that most rocks sink. This process is accommodation

Front 5

_________________ involves changing and revising existing schemas in the face of new experiences or new information.

Back 5

Accommodation. Piaget proposed that children assimilate new ideas into existing schemas and modify or accommodate the old ones by which they progress through the four identifiable stages of development.

Front 6

In the ____________ circular reactions substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants' behavior expands from being centered on their own bodies to interacting with their environment.

Back 6

Secondary. An example of an infant in the secondary circular reactions stage is when the infant hits a toy and it makes a jingling sound, so the infant continues to hit the toy. He's not waving his hand just for the sake of waving it, he's waving it so that he can hear the jingling sound.

Front 7

The _____________ stage is a time where the child’s thinking is self-centered.

Back 7

Preoperational. It is during this stage that the child comes to understand that he/she is an independent and separate person in the world.

Front 8

According to Jean Piaget, one major characteristic of the pre-operational stage is ____________, where children consider their own point of view to be the only possible one.

Back 8

Egocentrism. In the preoperational stage, children are egocentric. Piaget does not mean the child is self-serving or selfish, rather, the child is incapable of seeing things from another person's point of view. For example, a child may have just taken a nap and be full of energy and want to play, and will believe that the mother feels the same way--he can't imagine that the mother could be tired while he is full of energy

Front 9

The two periods of ____________ growth are from birth to age three, and then later during the adolescent growth spurt.

Back 9

Fastest. During those two periods of time--the first couple of years after birth, and during adolescence--growth is fastest. In comparison, the years between these two growth spurts are moderately slow.

Front 10

In the _________ operational stage, children begin to develop many concepts and show that they can manipulate those concepts.

Back 10

concrete operational. It is in this period that we may say that rule-governed behavior begins. The concrete, observable objects of the child’s world can be classified, ranked, ordered, or separated into one or more category.

Front 11

______________ involves the cognitive awareness that changing the form or the appearance of something does not necessarily change what it is.

Back 11

Conservation. Understanding conservation signals the beginning of the concrete operational stage. Example: Let's say you're dealing with a child who does not grasp the concept of conservation. If you show him two equally sized balls of clay, and then flatten one of the balls into a pancake, he might say there is more clay in the pancake, even though the amount of clay never changed.

Front 12

A key characteristic of the concrete operations stage of Piaget's theory is that the child understands ______________--he can think backward from the end to the beginning.

Back 12

Reversibility. In the concrete operations stage, a child understands Reversibility, Conservation, and is able to classify things. Before a child reaches this stage, he cannot think about events in reverse.

Front 13

The logical manipulation of abstract, symbolic concepts does not appear until the last of Piaget’s stages- __________ operations.

Back 13

Formal. The key to this stage, usually begun at adolescence, is abstract, symbolic reasoning. Example: A twelve year old child may be able to read a story and understand the moral immediately, yet a seven year old may read the same story but not discern the principle or moral point of the book.

Front 14

According to Piaget, it isn't until a child reaches the __________ operations stage that he is capable of abstract thought and discussing things in scientific terms.

Back 14

Formal. A child must be in the formal operations stage of cognitive development before he can discuss scientific operations and principles such as Newton's laws of motions.

Front 15

____________ was a Swiss psychologist who theorized that cognitive development proceeds in four genetically determined stages that always follow the same sequential order, and was best known for his groundbreaking work in developmental psychology.

Back 15

Jean Piaget. Piaget defined four stages of cognitive development, and believed that they always happen in the same order--although different children may go through the stages at different speeds. The four stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Front 16

______________ is the cognitive ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

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Memory. A person’s memory is what allows them to pull information about specific people, place, events, and much more from their mind. To recall or remember something that has occurred in the past in known as a memory

Front 17

___________ is the active process of putting information into memory.

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Encoding. It is during this stage of gathering and sorting that memories are related and interrelated under subtopics and subcategories based on time, emotion, people involved, and places of event. Example: Encoding treats your mind like a filing cabinet. It groups similar experiences and information together and stores it away based on certain associations that you will make to recall specific information.

Front 18

___________ is the process of holding the encoded information in memory until the time of retrieval.

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Storage. This is the function of your mind acting like the filing cabinet. Information is tagged with keywords and relationships that will allow you to trigger the information quickly for the most part.

Front 19

The process of locating, removing and using information stored in one’s memory is known as ______________.

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Retrieval. Retrieval allows a person to use past experiences to make new decisions and associations based on information gathered and stored in the past

Front 20

A view that states that there is but one memory, but that information can be processed within that memory at different degrees, levels, or depths is known as ________ ___ ____________ model of memory.

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Levels of processing. The depth of memory and processing is quite complex and is dependent upon the information’s emotional impact, value (or level of relevance to your current needs), along with many other storage factors relating to memory.

Front 21

__________ memory is a type of memory that holds large amounts of information registered at the senses for very brief periods of time.

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Sensory. Sensory Memory contains information received immediately from a person's senses into the human brain. Sensory information is stored for just an instant, and we decide what to process further. For example, as long as your eyes are open, you have a constant stream of pictures entering your sensory memory, but you don't process it all--most of it you just discard a second or two later.

Front 22

Once information gets to the sensory memory, it then moves to the ________-______ memory.

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Short-term. Whether you decide to process it or not, sensory memory lasts only a couple of seconds. Most sensory memory is discarded, but the sensory experiences which you do decide to process are moved to the short-term memory. Short-term memory has a limited capacity and typically a brief duration.

Front 23

_______-______ memory is the storage of an abundance of information, and is held for long periods of time.

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Long-term. The long-term memory storage bank is almost limitless in its capacity to hold information. This means that as an aging person you may still be able to recall very specific information about your family when you were a small child without any hesitation.

Front 24

_____________ rehearsal is a mechanism for processing information into Long-Term memory that involves the meaningful manipulation of the information to be remembered.

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Elaborative. In other words, the stored memory needs to be elaborated upon to make sense of the information given. This may be especially true if the memory was of a complicated situation in childhood where the information could not be fully comprehended.

Front 25

_______________ memory is stored in the long-term memory, and is where associations and skilled patterns of responses are stored.

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Procedural.

Front 26

A more complex memory, which is where vocabulary, simple concepts and rules are stored, is known as ________________ memory

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Semantic. The semantic memory is a type of long-term memory which is a structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we have acquired. Things such as a word definition, or the name of the 25th president, would be stored in semantic memory.

Front 27

_______________ memory stores our life events and experiences.

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Episodic. It is a time-related memory, and is very much autobiographical. For example: Your 15th birthday, an event which happened at a specific time, would be an episodic memory. On the other hand, you probably know the definition of "justice," but you don't remember the time and place you learned the definition--it's a semantic memory, not an episodic one.

Front 28

_______________ is a long-term memory, and is responsible for storing knowledge of how our own memory systems work.

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Metamemory. It essentially directs all long-term memory searches.

Front 29

________________ clustering is the recall one experiences through the process of grouping words together into categories even if they are presented in a random order.

Back 29

Category. Typically this categorization is done through conceptual processes. Categories are created under many topics. They can be age related, family/friend specific, and may even be related to the emotion that was evoked by similar experiences.

Front 30

_____________ is a measure of retrieval in which an individual is provided with the fewest possible cues to aid retrieval.

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Recall. This process allows an individual to quickly pull information from a database stored in the memory. Example: If you have studied diligently for a test, you may find that your level of answer recall is high, and the information comes to you quickly.

Front 31

A measure of retrieval in which an individual is required to identify material previously learned as being familiar is known as ________________.

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Recognition. Recognition is the remembrance process that aids in the association and comparison between old and new information.

Front 32

_______________ is a measure of memory in which one notes the improvement in performance when learning material for a second time

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Relearning. Relearning is a building upon of prior knowledge, and is used within educational settings to command a higher sense of memory recognition for important items.

Front 33

A _____________ is a mental event used to represent a category or class of events or objects

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Concept. Concepts represent groups of things, classes, or categories, and not just individual cases.

Front 34

______________ was a Russian researcher that described how environmental influences might mold and shape cognitive structures

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Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky believe at each stage of life people were generally prepared to respond to a particular environment and the people in it.

Front 35

Vygotsky believed that as a human develops there is always a zone of ___________ development.

Back 35

Vygotsky believed that as a human develops there is always a zone of ___________ development.

Front 36

While children ________, they learn to socialize with other children. This helps them learn acceptable behavior, assists in their development of social norms, and develops the cognitive and emotional aspects of a child.

Back 36

Play. Play is a very important learning device for children because they grow and gain information that is important about themselves and the world around them. Play time provides multiple experiences for development and problem-solving

Front 37

Erik Erikson defined a "crisis" at each stage of development. During infancy, from birth to age 1, a child deals with the crisis of _________.

Back 37

Trust. Trust vs Mistrust is the crisis Erikson defined for an infant up to 1 year of age. In the first year of life, infants depend on others for food, warmth, and affection, and therefore must be able to blindly trust the parents (or caregivers) for providing those.

Front 38

Erik Erikson defined Independence vs. __________ as the crisis during stage 2 of his theory.

Back 38

Shame. From birth, infants may be able to display happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear, but it isn't until one or two years of age that they really develop a concept of shame.

Front 39

The Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) was a language arts program designed for underachieving native Hawaiian children. It was developed to help children improve their reading skills, and it tried to use the children's native ____________ as a basis for instructional practices.

Back 39

Culture. KEEP emphasized trying to instruct children in a way that works best for their cultural background. For example, researchers learned that Hawaiian children typically turn for assistance to their peers and older siblings rather than to adults, so KEEP set up peer-learning centers in the classrooms which encouraged children to help one another with learning tasks.