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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enforcement of One Child Policy |
-Reduced wages to 1+ children families -Forced sterilisation and abortion -Propaganda campaign -Benefits extra rice rations, free education etc. |
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Problems with enforcing the One Child Policy |
-Resistance in rural areas where large families help on the farm - Abuse of human rights (forced sterilisations, abortions etc.) |
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Successes of the One Child Policy |
-400million births prevented -Reduced strain on resources -Reduced unemployment -Fertility rate reduced from 5.7 to 1.8 - Economic growth du to emergence of educated, productive demographic. |
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Failures of the One Child Policy |
- Increased female infanticide (90% abortions female) - Gender imbalance 116 men to 100 women - Increase in human trafficking and prostitution as men can't find a wife -Ageing population could lead to future economic downturn as not enough workers -Fertility below replacement level |
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Why is the Gambia so popular? |
-90,000 annual visitors -Cultural roots museum -Beach, warm sea etc. -Hot all year tropical climate -Package holidays makes it cheap and easy -Most speak English |
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Economic effects of mass tourism |
-Jobs for locals - in Gambia every worker has to support 5 people -12% Gambia GDP -Jobs seasonal and badly paid £30 a month -Foreign money leaks |
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Social impacts of mass tourism |
-Encourages youths to stay in area -Culture preserved e.g. Roots -Infrastructure benefits locals -Tourist offend culture little clothing -Tourist congestion |
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Environmental impacts of mass tourism |
-Income reinvested into environment -Transportation pollutes -Increased litter and sewage -Destruction of natural habitats e.g. sightseeing boats |
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How Antarctica is coping with tourism |
-Antarctic Treaty: boats max 500 -IAATO: SSIs off limits, no limits, wildlife undisturbed supervised tourists -Permits: Visitors educated |
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Negatives of tourism in Antarctica |
- 2007 oil spill -99% converted in ice so honey pot -46000 in 2007 rapid increase -Penguin breeding patterns disturbed |
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Lake District increasing tourism |
-ACCESSIBILITY: Langdale bus, discounts at cafes for bus tickets, roads improved -PRESERVATION: speed limit of boats at windermere -FOOTPATHS: popular routes rested and reinforced with local stone- 4mill visitors caused erosion -ADVERTISEMENT:1.3 to 1.4 mill spending -ACTIVITIES: farms diversifying e.g. clay pigeon shooting |
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Migration benefits to host |
-Cope with ageing pop 80% migrants 35 or under -Fills a gap in market for skilled jobs -Brings aspects of culture to UK |
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Migration disadvantages to host |
-Most of money earned sent home -Migrants cause strain on NHS and schools -Increased demand leads to rising house prices -Tension between migrants and locals |
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Migration benefits to source |
-Influx of foreign cash as wages send back - pound stronger so economy strengthened -Raised standards of living as strain on resources reduced |
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Migration disadvantages to source |
-Loss of working age and those most likely to have skills and education -Division of families and loss of young men imbalanced pop structure |
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Migration push factors |
-40% youth unemployment Poland - $12,700 average earnings |
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Migration pull factors |
-5% unemployment - $50,900 average earnings -Demand for skilled workers -EU migration unrestricted 2004 |
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Ageing population strategies |
-Retirement aged increased to 66 by 2020 increase workforce decrease pensions -Migration 80% under 35 more working pop and people of reproductive age -Increase BR free childcare and working family tax credits -Increase taxes |
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Causes of ageing population |
-Medical advances -Free health care NHS -Increase living standards and life expectancy rose by 7 years for men -Baby boomers retiring -Falling birth rate |
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Problems of ageing population |
-Increased elderly in poverty as pension inadequate -NHS under strain 13 nights average stay for 75+, 8 nights on average - Other areas like education, business etc that grow the economy underfunded so economic growth slow and demographic groups underrepresented |
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Issues with transmigration |
-Migrants outnumber locals conflict -Migrants still in poverty -Cost high borrow from world Bank -49mill hectares of forest cleared -10% of sites failed due to poor soil and lack of skills |
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Effectiveness of transmigration |
-Unsustainable as doesn't address cause only redistributes impact -Pop growth still rapid so Java still experiencing issues -Sites unsuccessful |
